Educational Psychology

Educational Psychology Behaviorism - Answer- theory that explains learning in terms of observable behaviors and how they're influenced by stimuli from the environment. ex: adult tries to control kid with stimulus Behaviorism: Definition of Learning - Answer- defines learning as a relatively enduring change in observable behavior that occurs as a result of experience ex: test anxiety = learned to be nervous Classical Conditioning (Pavlov) - Answer- occurs when an individual learns to produce an involuntary (couldn't control the way he/she felt) emotional or physiological response unconditioned stimulus - Answer- object or event that causes an instinctive or reflexive (unlearned) physiological or emotional response unconditioned response - Answer- instinctive/unlearned physiological or emotional response caused by the unconditioned stimulus neutral stimulus - Answer- object or event that doesn't initially impact behavior on way or the other conditioned stimulus - Answer- formally neutral stimulus that becomes associated with the unconditioned stimulus conditioned response - Answer- learned physiological or emotional response that is similar to the unconditioned response Association - Answer- Key to learning classical conditioning...unconditioned + conditioned stimuli = contiguous (meaning they exist at the same time) GOAL of Classical Conditioning - Answer- Induce feelings of safety associated with the classroom Generalization - Answer- ex: chemistry + algebra tests = conditioned response (anxiety) Discrimination - Answer- ex: nervous during chemistry tests but not world history tests/discriminated between chemistry and W.H. Operant Conditioning: Definition of Learning - Answer- learning=observable responses that change in frequency or duration as the result of consequences, events that occur following behaviors Reinforcement (exists in 2 forms) - Answer- process of applying reinforcers to increase behavior Positive Reinforcement - Answer- ADDING a DESIRED stimulus ... increase frequency of a behavior as a result of presenting a reinforcer Negative Reinforcement - Answer- SUBTRACTING or AVOIDING an UNDESIRED stimulus ...increasing behaviors by avoiding/removing an aversive stimulus Punishment - Answer- event that decreases likelihood that a behavior will recur Presentation Punishment - Answer- Decrease behavior by presenting stimulus ex: students presented with "Shhh!" signal...whispering stops Removal Punishment - Answer- Decrease in behavior by removing stimulus ex: teacher takes away 5 min of lunch period b/c kids being to loud Applied Behavior Analysis (A.B.A.) - Answer- process of systematically applying the principles of behaviorism to change student behavior ...1) create a productive learning environment Social Cognitive Theory - Answer- theory of learning that focuses on changes in behavior that result from observing others *hint: you are who you hangout with! Self-Regulation - Answer- process of setting goals, combined with the motivation, thought processes, strategies, and behaviors that lead to reaching the goals Humanistic Theory - Answer- understanding individuals motivation requires understanding their behaviors thoughts and feelings...mind, body, spirit Behaviorist Theory - Answer- stimulus & response ...rewards can be good and bad Cognitive Theory - Answer- people WANT to make sense of their experiences...want feedback Extrinsic Motivation - Answer- doing it to get it done, motivation comes from outside yourself Intrinsic Motivation - Answer- something you want to do, want to learn and succeed comes from within how to instill it in learners? -modeling -have a growth mindset -present a challenge Rewards in classroom benefits - Answer- -increase intrinsic motivation -increase motivation to learn -increase student's belief about their capabilities Motivation: - Answer- process whereby goal-directed activity is intimated and sustained motivated students have...positive attitudes toward school, don't give up on difficult tasks, excel in classroom activities Sociocultural Theory - Answer- Focus on participation in a learning environment