Fiche de Revision - Growth and Development
Case 1:
I. Anatomy and Physiology of the Reproductive System
1. Female Anatomy: boobies are important
- ligaments:
, - Broad ligament: covers the uterine anatomy spreading to the lateral side ; connects uterine
vessels and nerves
- splits into the mesovarium (connects to ovary) and for tubes (mesosalpinx)
- sacrospinous lig.: connects the sacral spine to itself - uterosacral lig. = rectouterine lig.:
connects uterus to the anterior aspect of the sacrum ; contains splanchnic nerves
- cardinal lig. = lateral/transverse cervical lig.: base of the broad lig connecting the cervix to
the lateral pelvic wall (via attachment to the obturator fascia of the obturator internal muscle)
- proper ovarian lig.: binds ovary to the uterus
- round ligament: connects uterus horns (where the suspensory lig. connects) to the pelvis via
the inguinal canal and to the labia majora ; contains lymph vessels and connects to inguinal
lymph nodes
- infundibular-pelvic lig. = suspensory lig.: connects ovaries to the post abdominal walls (at
cervical level and below the pouch of Douglas) ; contains uterine artery
- fimbriae: pick up the egg during ovulation via the ciliated cells
- Skene's glands = paraurethral gland
- Bertollini gland: secretes lube
- vessels: lateral to medial ; ureter: lateral and upwards to kidneys
- version:
- anteversion: angle between the vagina and the cervix is anterior
- retroversion: angle between the vagina and the cervix is posterior
- flexion
- anteflexion: angle between cervix and uterus corpus is anterior
- retroflexion: angle between cervix and uterus corpus is posterior
- anteversion - anteflexion is the most common (90%)
- vagina is at 45-60 degrees posteriorly and up
- uterus: 7-8 cm long, 4-5 cm wide, anterior and posterior sides touch
- cervix: 2-3cm
2. Female Physiology
Ovarian Cycle
- 3 phases: follicular, ovulation, luteal
Follicular:
- increase of FSH causes primordial follicles to become primary follicles (6-12) w/
development of granulosa cell + thecal cells
- granulosa cells produce estrogen, forms FSH receptors (positive feedback loop), formation of
antral follicle
, - estrogen has negative feedback loop of
hypothalamus; decrease of FSH leads to atresia of
weaker follicles
Ovulation:
- surge of LH, increased production of
progesterone, secretion of proteolytic enzymes
- small progesterone peak stimulates LH; inhibin
inhibits FSH
- prostaglandins weaken collagen fibres
- both combine to cause follicle swelling, rupture
and liberation of ovum into Fallopian tube
Luteal:
- LH causes luteinization: growth of cells,
filling of lipids
- granulosa/thecal cells become luteal cells
to form corpus luteum
- thecal cells produce androgens,
transformed by granulosa cells into
progesterone/estrogen (enzyme aromatase)
- estrogen/progesterone/inhibin: negative
feedback loop causes deterioration of corpus
luteum into corpus albicans
Uterine Cycle
- 3 phases: proliferative, secretive, menses
Proliferative (up to ovulation):
- estrogen stimulates reepithelization of endometrial stroma
Secretive (up to menstruation):
- progesterone stimulates secretions of lipids/glycogens; increase in vascularization
Menses:
- absence of estrogen/progesterone causes necrosis of blood vessel cells/endometrial cells
- constriction followed by widening of blood vessels causes break down (+ prostaglandins)
- expulsion of endometrium inner lining
, Fertilization
- occurs in the ampulla of the oviduct where the oocyte is located
- oocyte protected by two layers: corona radiata and zona pellucida with the perivitelline space
between the ZP and the plasma membrane
- spermatozoa directed towards oocyte by attraction signals
- corona radiata: thick cellular layer containing proteins/carbohydrates and high concentration of
hyaluronic acid
- spermatozoa pass it by their tail movements and (hypothetically) by releasing hyaluronidase
from the heads to break down the hyaluronic acid
- zona pellucida: layer consisting of glycoproteins
- spermatozoa binds to ZP3 protein activating the acrosomal reaction
- acrosomal reaction: GPCR reaction leads to fusion of plasma membrane and acrosomal
membrane releasing the contents of the acrosome
- enzymes (ie. acrosin) digest the way through the zona pellucida
Case 1:
I. Anatomy and Physiology of the Reproductive System
1. Female Anatomy: boobies are important
- ligaments:
, - Broad ligament: covers the uterine anatomy spreading to the lateral side ; connects uterine
vessels and nerves
- splits into the mesovarium (connects to ovary) and for tubes (mesosalpinx)
- sacrospinous lig.: connects the sacral spine to itself - uterosacral lig. = rectouterine lig.:
connects uterus to the anterior aspect of the sacrum ; contains splanchnic nerves
- cardinal lig. = lateral/transverse cervical lig.: base of the broad lig connecting the cervix to
the lateral pelvic wall (via attachment to the obturator fascia of the obturator internal muscle)
- proper ovarian lig.: binds ovary to the uterus
- round ligament: connects uterus horns (where the suspensory lig. connects) to the pelvis via
the inguinal canal and to the labia majora ; contains lymph vessels and connects to inguinal
lymph nodes
- infundibular-pelvic lig. = suspensory lig.: connects ovaries to the post abdominal walls (at
cervical level and below the pouch of Douglas) ; contains uterine artery
- fimbriae: pick up the egg during ovulation via the ciliated cells
- Skene's glands = paraurethral gland
- Bertollini gland: secretes lube
- vessels: lateral to medial ; ureter: lateral and upwards to kidneys
- version:
- anteversion: angle between the vagina and the cervix is anterior
- retroversion: angle between the vagina and the cervix is posterior
- flexion
- anteflexion: angle between cervix and uterus corpus is anterior
- retroflexion: angle between cervix and uterus corpus is posterior
- anteversion - anteflexion is the most common (90%)
- vagina is at 45-60 degrees posteriorly and up
- uterus: 7-8 cm long, 4-5 cm wide, anterior and posterior sides touch
- cervix: 2-3cm
2. Female Physiology
Ovarian Cycle
- 3 phases: follicular, ovulation, luteal
Follicular:
- increase of FSH causes primordial follicles to become primary follicles (6-12) w/
development of granulosa cell + thecal cells
- granulosa cells produce estrogen, forms FSH receptors (positive feedback loop), formation of
antral follicle
, - estrogen has negative feedback loop of
hypothalamus; decrease of FSH leads to atresia of
weaker follicles
Ovulation:
- surge of LH, increased production of
progesterone, secretion of proteolytic enzymes
- small progesterone peak stimulates LH; inhibin
inhibits FSH
- prostaglandins weaken collagen fibres
- both combine to cause follicle swelling, rupture
and liberation of ovum into Fallopian tube
Luteal:
- LH causes luteinization: growth of cells,
filling of lipids
- granulosa/thecal cells become luteal cells
to form corpus luteum
- thecal cells produce androgens,
transformed by granulosa cells into
progesterone/estrogen (enzyme aromatase)
- estrogen/progesterone/inhibin: negative
feedback loop causes deterioration of corpus
luteum into corpus albicans
Uterine Cycle
- 3 phases: proliferative, secretive, menses
Proliferative (up to ovulation):
- estrogen stimulates reepithelization of endometrial stroma
Secretive (up to menstruation):
- progesterone stimulates secretions of lipids/glycogens; increase in vascularization
Menses:
- absence of estrogen/progesterone causes necrosis of blood vessel cells/endometrial cells
- constriction followed by widening of blood vessels causes break down (+ prostaglandins)
- expulsion of endometrium inner lining
, Fertilization
- occurs in the ampulla of the oviduct where the oocyte is located
- oocyte protected by two layers: corona radiata and zona pellucida with the perivitelline space
between the ZP and the plasma membrane
- spermatozoa directed towards oocyte by attraction signals
- corona radiata: thick cellular layer containing proteins/carbohydrates and high concentration of
hyaluronic acid
- spermatozoa pass it by their tail movements and (hypothetically) by releasing hyaluronidase
from the heads to break down the hyaluronic acid
- zona pellucida: layer consisting of glycoproteins
- spermatozoa binds to ZP3 protein activating the acrosomal reaction
- acrosomal reaction: GPCR reaction leads to fusion of plasma membrane and acrosomal
membrane releasing the contents of the acrosome
- enzymes (ie. acrosin) digest the way through the zona pellucida
