Contents
About ................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
Chapter 1: Getting started with R Language .................................................................................................. 2
Section 1.1: Installing R ................................................................................................................................................... 2
Section 1.2: Hello World! ................................................................................................................................................ 3
Section 1.3: Getting Help ............................................................................................................................................... 3
Section 1.4: Interactive mode and R scripts ................................................................................................................ 3
Chapter 2: Variables .................................................................................................................................................... 7
Section 2.1: Variables, data structures and basic Operations .................................................................................. 7
Chapter 3: Arithmetic Operators ........................................................................................................................ 10
Section 3.1: Range and addition ................................................................................................................................. 10
Section 3.2: Addition and subtraction ....................................................................................................................... 10
Chapter 4: Matrices ................................................................................................................................................... 13
Section 4.1: Creating matrices .................................................................................................................................... 13
Chapter 5: Formula .................................................................................................................................................... 15
Section 5.1: The basics of formula ............................................................................................................................. 15
Chapter 6: Reading and writing strings .......................................................................................................... 17
Section 6.1: Printing and displaying strings ............................................................................................................... 17
Section 6.2: Capture output of operating system command ................................................................................. 18
Section 6.3: Reading from or writing to a file connection ....................................................................................... 19
Chapter 7: String manipulation with stringi package .............................................................................. 21
Section 7.1: Count pattern inside string ..................................................................................................................... 21
Section 7.2: Duplicating strings .................................................................................................................................. 21
Section 7.3: Paste vectors ........................................................................................................................................... 22
Section 7.4: Splitting text by some fixed pattern ...................................................................................................... 22
Chapter 8: Classes ...................................................................................................................................................... 23
Section 8.1: Inspect classes ......................................................................................................................................... 23
Section 8.2: Vectors and lists ..................................................................................................................................... 23
Section 8.3: Vectors ..................................................................................................................................................... 24
Chapter 9: Lists ............................................................................................................................................................ 25
Section 9.1: Introduction to lists .................................................................................................................................. 25
Section 9.2: Quick Introduction to Lists ..................................................................................................................... 25
Section 9.3: Serialization: using lists to pass information ........................................................................................ 27
Chapter 10: Hashmaps ............................................................................................................................................. 29
Section 10.1: Environments as hash maps ................................................................................................................ 29
Section 10.2: package:hash ........................................................................................................................................ 32
Section 10.3: package:listenv ...................................................................................................................................... 33
Chapter 11: Creating vectors ................................................................................................................................. 35
Section 11.1: Vectors from build in constants: Sequences of letters & month names ........................................... 35
Section 11.2: Creating named vectors ........................................................................................................................ 35
Section 11.3: Sequence of numbers ............................................................................................................................ 37
Section 11.4: seq() ......................................................................................................................................................... 37
Section 11.5: Vectors .................................................................................................................................................... 38
Section 11.6: Expanding a vector with the rep() function ......................................................................................... 39
Chapter 12: Date and Time .................................................................................................................................... 41
Section 12.1: Current Date and Time .......................................................................................................................... 41
, Section 12.2: Go to the End of the Month .................................................................................................................. 41
Section 12.3: Go to First Day of the Month ................................................................................................................ 42
Section 12.4: Move a date a number of months consistently by months ............................................................. 42
Chapter 13: The Date class ..................................................................................................................................... 44
Section 13.1: Formatting Dates ................................................................................................................................... 44
Section 13.2: Parsing Strings into Date Objects ........................................................................................................ 44
Section 13.3: Dates ....................................................................................................................................................... 45
Chapter 14: Date-time classes (POSIXct and POSIXlt) ............................................................................ 47
Section 14.1: Formatting and printing date-time objects ......................................................................................... 47
Section 14.2: Date-time arithmetic ............................................................................................................................. 47
Section 14.3: Parsing strings into date-time objects ................................................................................................ 48
Chapter 15: The character class .......................................................................................................................... 50
Section 15.1: Coercion .................................................................................................................................................. 50
Chapter 16: Numeric classes and storage modes ...................................................................................... 51
Section 16.1: Numeric ................................................................................................................................................... 51
Chapter 17: The logical class ................................................................................................................................. 53
Section 17.1: Logical operators ................................................................................................................................... 53
Section 17.2: Coercion ................................................................................................................................................. 53
Section 17.3: Interpretation of NAs ............................................................................................................................. 53
Chapter 18: Data frames ......................................................................................................................................... 55
Section 18.1: Create an empty data.frame ................................................................................................................ 55
Section 18.2: Subsetting rows and columns from a data frame ............................................................................ 56
Section 18.3: Convenience functions to manipulate data.frames .......................................................................... 59
Section 18.4: Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 60
Section 18.5: Convert all columns of a data.frame to character class .................................................................. 61
Chapter 19: Split function ....................................................................................................................................... 63
Section 19.1: Using split in the split-apply-combine paradigm ............................................................................... 63
Section 19.2: Basic usage of split ............................................................................................................................... 64
Chapter 20: Reading and writing tabular data in plain-text files (CSV, TSV, etc.) ................... 67
Section 20.1: Importing .csv files ................................................................................................................................ 67
Section 20.2: Importing with data.table .................................................................................................................... 68
Section 20.3: Exporting .csv files ................................................................................................................................ 69
Section 20.4: Import multiple csv files ....................................................................................................................... 69
Section 20.5: Importing fixed-width files ................................................................................................................... 69
Chapter 21: Pipe operators (%>% and others) ............................................................................................. 71
Section 21.1: Basic use and chaining .......................................................................................................................... 71
Section 21.2: Functional sequences ........................................................................................................................... 72
Section 21.3: Assignment with %<>% .......................................................................................................................... 73
Section 21.4: Exposing contents with %$% ................................................................................................................ 73
Section 21.5: Creating side eects with %T>% .......................................................................................................... 74
Section 21.6: Using the pipe with dplyr and ggplot2 ................................................................................................ 75
Chapter 22: Linear Models (Regression) ......................................................................................................... 76
Section 22.1: Linear regression on the mtcars dataset ........................................................................................... 76
Section 22.2: Using the 'predict' function .................................................................................................................. 78
Section 22.3: Weighting .............................................................................................................................................. 79
Section 22.4: Checking for nonlinearity with polynomial regression ..................................................................... 81
Section 22.5: Plotting The Regression (base) ........................................................................................................... 83
Section 22.6: Quality assessment .............................................................................................................................. 85
Chapter 23: data.table ............................................................................................................................................. 87
, Section 23.1: Creating a data.table ............................................................................................................................ 87
Section 23.2: Special symbols in data.table ............................................................................................................. 88
Section 23.3: Adding and modifying columns .......................................................................................................... 89
Section 23.4: Writing code compatible with both data.frame and data.table ...................................................... 91
Section 23.5: Setting keys in data.table .................................................................................................................... 93
Chapter 24: Pivot and unpivot with data.table .......................................................................................... 95
Section 24.1: Pivot and unpivot tabular data with data.table - I ............................................................................. 95
Section 24.2: Pivot and unpivot tabular data with data.table - II ........................................................................... 96
Chapter 25: Bar Chart .............................................................................................................................................. 98
Section 25.1: barplot() function .................................................................................................................................. 98
Chapter 26: Base Plotting .................................................................................................................................... 104
Section 26.1: Density plot .......................................................................................................................................... 104
Section 26.2: Combining Plots .................................................................................................................................. 105
Section 26.3: Getting Started with R_Plots ............................................................................................................. 107
Section 26.4: Basic Plot ............................................................................................................................................. 108
Section 26.5: Histograms .......................................................................................................................................... 111
Section 26.6: Matplot ................................................................................................................................................ 113
Section 26.7: Empirical Cumulative Distribution Function ..................................................................................... 119
Chapter 27: boxplot ................................................................................................................................................. 121
Section 27.1: Create a box-and-whisker plot with boxplot() {graphics} .............................................................. 121
Section 27.2: Additional boxplot style parameters ................................................................................................ 125
Chapter 28: ggplot2 ................................................................................................................................................ 128
Section 28.1: Displaying multiple plots .................................................................................................................... 128
Section 28.2: Prepare your data for plotting ......................................................................................................... 131
Section 28.3: Add horizontal and vertical lines to plot .......................................................................................... 133
Section 28.4: Scatter Plots ........................................................................................................................................ 136
Section 28.5: Produce basic plots with qplot .......................................................................................................... 136
Section 28.6: Vertical and Horizontal Bar Chart .................................................................................................... 138
Section 28.7: Violin plot ............................................................................................................................................. 140
Chapter 29: Factors ................................................................................................................................................. 143
Section 29.1: Consolidating Factor Levels with a List ............................................................................................ 143
Section 29.2: Basic creation of factors ................................................................................................................... 144
Section 29.3: Changing and reordering factors ..................................................................................................... 145
Section 29.4: Rebuilding factors from zero ............................................................................................................ 150
Chapter 30: Pattern Matching and Replacement .................................................................................... 152
Section 30.1: Finding Matches .................................................................................................................................. 152
Section 30.2: Single and Global match ................................................................................................................... 153
Section 30.3: Making substitutions .......................................................................................................................... 154
Section 30.4: Find matches in big data sets ........................................................................................................... 154
Chapter 31: Run-length encoding ..................................................................................................................... 156
Section 31.1: Run-length Encoding with `rle` ............................................................................................................ 156
Section 31.2: Identifying and grouping by runs in base R ..................................................................................... 156
Section 31.3: Run-length encoding to compress and decompress vectors ........................................................ 157
Section 31.4: Identifying and grouping by runs in data.table ............................................................................... 158
Chapter 32: Speeding up tough-to-vectorize code ................................................................................. 159
Section 32.1: Speeding tough-to-vectorize for loops with Rcpp ........................................................................... 159
Section 32.2: Speeding tough-to-vectorize for loops by byte compiling ............................................................ 159
Chapter 33: Introduction to Geographical Maps ...................................................................................... 161
Section 33.1: Basic map-making with map() from the package maps ............................................................... 161
, Section 33.2: 50 State Maps and Advanced Choropleths with Google Viz ......................................................... 164
Section 33.3: Interactive plotly maps ...................................................................................................................... 165
Section 33.4: Making Dynamic HTML Maps with Leaflet ...................................................................................... 167
Section 33.5: Dynamic Leaflet maps in Shiny applications .................................................................................. 168
Chapter 34: Set operations ................................................................................................................................. 171
Section 34.1: Set operators for pairs of vectors ..................................................................................................... 171
Section 34.2: Cartesian or "cross" products of vectors ......................................................................................... 171
Section 34.3: Set membership for vectors .............................................................................................................. 172
Section 34.4: Make unique / drop duplicates / select distinct elements from a vector .................................... 172
Section 34.5: Measuring set overlaps / Venn diagrams for vectors ................................................................... 173
Chapter 35: tidyverse ............................................................................................................................................. 174
Section 35.1: tidyverse: an overview ........................................................................................................................ 174
Section 35.2: Creating tbl_df’s ................................................................................................................................. 175
Chapter 36: Rcpp ...................................................................................................................................................... 176
Section 36.1: Extending Rcpp with Plugins .............................................................................................................. 176
Section 36.2: Inline Code Compile ............................................................................................................................ 176
Section 36.3: Rcpp Attributes ................................................................................................................................... 177
Section 36.4: Specifying Additional Build Dependencies ...................................................................................... 178
Chapter 37: Random Numbers Generator .................................................................................................. 179
Section 37.1: Random permutations ........................................................................................................................ 179
Section 37.2: Generating random numbers using various density functions ..................................................... 179
Section 37.3: Random number generator's reproducibility .................................................................................. 181
Chapter 38: Parallel processing ........................................................................................................................ 182
Section 38.1: Parallel processing with parallel package ........................................................................................ 182
Section 38.2: Parallel processing with foreach package ...................................................................................... 183
Section 38.3: Random Number Generation ............................................................................................................ 184
Section 38.4: mcparallelDo ....................................................................................................................................... 184
Chapter 39: Subsetting .......................................................................................................................................... 186
Section 39.1: Data frames ......................................................................................................................................... 186
Section 39.2: Atomic vectors .................................................................................................................................... 187
Section 39.3: Matrices ............................................................................................................................................... 188
Section 39.4: Lists ...................................................................................................................................................... 190
Section 39.5: Vector indexing ................................................................................................................................... 191
Section 39.6: Other objects ....................................................................................................................................... 192
Section 39.7: Elementwise Matrix Operations ........................................................................................................ 192
Chapter 40: Debugging ......................................................................................................................................... 194
Section 40.1: Using debug ........................................................................................................................................ 194
Section 40.2: Using browser ..................................................................................................................................... 194
Chapter 41: Installing packages ....................................................................................................................... 196
Section 41.1: Install packages from GitHub ............................................................................................................. 196
Section 41.2: Download and install packages from repositories ......................................................................... 197
Section 41.3: Install package from local source ..................................................................................................... 198
Section 41.4: Install local development version of a package .............................................................................. 198
Section 41.5: Using a CLI package manager -- basic pacman usage ................................................................. 199
Chapter 42: Inspecting packages .................................................................................................................... 200
Section 42.1: View Package Version ........................................................................................................................ 200
Section 42.2: View Loaded packages in Current Session ..................................................................................... 200
Section 42.3: View package information ................................................................................................................ 200
Section 42.4: View package's built-in data sets ..................................................................................................... 200
About ................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
Chapter 1: Getting started with R Language .................................................................................................. 2
Section 1.1: Installing R ................................................................................................................................................... 2
Section 1.2: Hello World! ................................................................................................................................................ 3
Section 1.3: Getting Help ............................................................................................................................................... 3
Section 1.4: Interactive mode and R scripts ................................................................................................................ 3
Chapter 2: Variables .................................................................................................................................................... 7
Section 2.1: Variables, data structures and basic Operations .................................................................................. 7
Chapter 3: Arithmetic Operators ........................................................................................................................ 10
Section 3.1: Range and addition ................................................................................................................................. 10
Section 3.2: Addition and subtraction ....................................................................................................................... 10
Chapter 4: Matrices ................................................................................................................................................... 13
Section 4.1: Creating matrices .................................................................................................................................... 13
Chapter 5: Formula .................................................................................................................................................... 15
Section 5.1: The basics of formula ............................................................................................................................. 15
Chapter 6: Reading and writing strings .......................................................................................................... 17
Section 6.1: Printing and displaying strings ............................................................................................................... 17
Section 6.2: Capture output of operating system command ................................................................................. 18
Section 6.3: Reading from or writing to a file connection ....................................................................................... 19
Chapter 7: String manipulation with stringi package .............................................................................. 21
Section 7.1: Count pattern inside string ..................................................................................................................... 21
Section 7.2: Duplicating strings .................................................................................................................................. 21
Section 7.3: Paste vectors ........................................................................................................................................... 22
Section 7.4: Splitting text by some fixed pattern ...................................................................................................... 22
Chapter 8: Classes ...................................................................................................................................................... 23
Section 8.1: Inspect classes ......................................................................................................................................... 23
Section 8.2: Vectors and lists ..................................................................................................................................... 23
Section 8.3: Vectors ..................................................................................................................................................... 24
Chapter 9: Lists ............................................................................................................................................................ 25
Section 9.1: Introduction to lists .................................................................................................................................. 25
Section 9.2: Quick Introduction to Lists ..................................................................................................................... 25
Section 9.3: Serialization: using lists to pass information ........................................................................................ 27
Chapter 10: Hashmaps ............................................................................................................................................. 29
Section 10.1: Environments as hash maps ................................................................................................................ 29
Section 10.2: package:hash ........................................................................................................................................ 32
Section 10.3: package:listenv ...................................................................................................................................... 33
Chapter 11: Creating vectors ................................................................................................................................. 35
Section 11.1: Vectors from build in constants: Sequences of letters & month names ........................................... 35
Section 11.2: Creating named vectors ........................................................................................................................ 35
Section 11.3: Sequence of numbers ............................................................................................................................ 37
Section 11.4: seq() ......................................................................................................................................................... 37
Section 11.5: Vectors .................................................................................................................................................... 38
Section 11.6: Expanding a vector with the rep() function ......................................................................................... 39
Chapter 12: Date and Time .................................................................................................................................... 41
Section 12.1: Current Date and Time .......................................................................................................................... 41
, Section 12.2: Go to the End of the Month .................................................................................................................. 41
Section 12.3: Go to First Day of the Month ................................................................................................................ 42
Section 12.4: Move a date a number of months consistently by months ............................................................. 42
Chapter 13: The Date class ..................................................................................................................................... 44
Section 13.1: Formatting Dates ................................................................................................................................... 44
Section 13.2: Parsing Strings into Date Objects ........................................................................................................ 44
Section 13.3: Dates ....................................................................................................................................................... 45
Chapter 14: Date-time classes (POSIXct and POSIXlt) ............................................................................ 47
Section 14.1: Formatting and printing date-time objects ......................................................................................... 47
Section 14.2: Date-time arithmetic ............................................................................................................................. 47
Section 14.3: Parsing strings into date-time objects ................................................................................................ 48
Chapter 15: The character class .......................................................................................................................... 50
Section 15.1: Coercion .................................................................................................................................................. 50
Chapter 16: Numeric classes and storage modes ...................................................................................... 51
Section 16.1: Numeric ................................................................................................................................................... 51
Chapter 17: The logical class ................................................................................................................................. 53
Section 17.1: Logical operators ................................................................................................................................... 53
Section 17.2: Coercion ................................................................................................................................................. 53
Section 17.3: Interpretation of NAs ............................................................................................................................. 53
Chapter 18: Data frames ......................................................................................................................................... 55
Section 18.1: Create an empty data.frame ................................................................................................................ 55
Section 18.2: Subsetting rows and columns from a data frame ............................................................................ 56
Section 18.3: Convenience functions to manipulate data.frames .......................................................................... 59
Section 18.4: Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 60
Section 18.5: Convert all columns of a data.frame to character class .................................................................. 61
Chapter 19: Split function ....................................................................................................................................... 63
Section 19.1: Using split in the split-apply-combine paradigm ............................................................................... 63
Section 19.2: Basic usage of split ............................................................................................................................... 64
Chapter 20: Reading and writing tabular data in plain-text files (CSV, TSV, etc.) ................... 67
Section 20.1: Importing .csv files ................................................................................................................................ 67
Section 20.2: Importing with data.table .................................................................................................................... 68
Section 20.3: Exporting .csv files ................................................................................................................................ 69
Section 20.4: Import multiple csv files ....................................................................................................................... 69
Section 20.5: Importing fixed-width files ................................................................................................................... 69
Chapter 21: Pipe operators (%>% and others) ............................................................................................. 71
Section 21.1: Basic use and chaining .......................................................................................................................... 71
Section 21.2: Functional sequences ........................................................................................................................... 72
Section 21.3: Assignment with %<>% .......................................................................................................................... 73
Section 21.4: Exposing contents with %$% ................................................................................................................ 73
Section 21.5: Creating side eects with %T>% .......................................................................................................... 74
Section 21.6: Using the pipe with dplyr and ggplot2 ................................................................................................ 75
Chapter 22: Linear Models (Regression) ......................................................................................................... 76
Section 22.1: Linear regression on the mtcars dataset ........................................................................................... 76
Section 22.2: Using the 'predict' function .................................................................................................................. 78
Section 22.3: Weighting .............................................................................................................................................. 79
Section 22.4: Checking for nonlinearity with polynomial regression ..................................................................... 81
Section 22.5: Plotting The Regression (base) ........................................................................................................... 83
Section 22.6: Quality assessment .............................................................................................................................. 85
Chapter 23: data.table ............................................................................................................................................. 87
, Section 23.1: Creating a data.table ............................................................................................................................ 87
Section 23.2: Special symbols in data.table ............................................................................................................. 88
Section 23.3: Adding and modifying columns .......................................................................................................... 89
Section 23.4: Writing code compatible with both data.frame and data.table ...................................................... 91
Section 23.5: Setting keys in data.table .................................................................................................................... 93
Chapter 24: Pivot and unpivot with data.table .......................................................................................... 95
Section 24.1: Pivot and unpivot tabular data with data.table - I ............................................................................. 95
Section 24.2: Pivot and unpivot tabular data with data.table - II ........................................................................... 96
Chapter 25: Bar Chart .............................................................................................................................................. 98
Section 25.1: barplot() function .................................................................................................................................. 98
Chapter 26: Base Plotting .................................................................................................................................... 104
Section 26.1: Density plot .......................................................................................................................................... 104
Section 26.2: Combining Plots .................................................................................................................................. 105
Section 26.3: Getting Started with R_Plots ............................................................................................................. 107
Section 26.4: Basic Plot ............................................................................................................................................. 108
Section 26.5: Histograms .......................................................................................................................................... 111
Section 26.6: Matplot ................................................................................................................................................ 113
Section 26.7: Empirical Cumulative Distribution Function ..................................................................................... 119
Chapter 27: boxplot ................................................................................................................................................. 121
Section 27.1: Create a box-and-whisker plot with boxplot() {graphics} .............................................................. 121
Section 27.2: Additional boxplot style parameters ................................................................................................ 125
Chapter 28: ggplot2 ................................................................................................................................................ 128
Section 28.1: Displaying multiple plots .................................................................................................................... 128
Section 28.2: Prepare your data for plotting ......................................................................................................... 131
Section 28.3: Add horizontal and vertical lines to plot .......................................................................................... 133
Section 28.4: Scatter Plots ........................................................................................................................................ 136
Section 28.5: Produce basic plots with qplot .......................................................................................................... 136
Section 28.6: Vertical and Horizontal Bar Chart .................................................................................................... 138
Section 28.7: Violin plot ............................................................................................................................................. 140
Chapter 29: Factors ................................................................................................................................................. 143
Section 29.1: Consolidating Factor Levels with a List ............................................................................................ 143
Section 29.2: Basic creation of factors ................................................................................................................... 144
Section 29.3: Changing and reordering factors ..................................................................................................... 145
Section 29.4: Rebuilding factors from zero ............................................................................................................ 150
Chapter 30: Pattern Matching and Replacement .................................................................................... 152
Section 30.1: Finding Matches .................................................................................................................................. 152
Section 30.2: Single and Global match ................................................................................................................... 153
Section 30.3: Making substitutions .......................................................................................................................... 154
Section 30.4: Find matches in big data sets ........................................................................................................... 154
Chapter 31: Run-length encoding ..................................................................................................................... 156
Section 31.1: Run-length Encoding with `rle` ............................................................................................................ 156
Section 31.2: Identifying and grouping by runs in base R ..................................................................................... 156
Section 31.3: Run-length encoding to compress and decompress vectors ........................................................ 157
Section 31.4: Identifying and grouping by runs in data.table ............................................................................... 158
Chapter 32: Speeding up tough-to-vectorize code ................................................................................. 159
Section 32.1: Speeding tough-to-vectorize for loops with Rcpp ........................................................................... 159
Section 32.2: Speeding tough-to-vectorize for loops by byte compiling ............................................................ 159
Chapter 33: Introduction to Geographical Maps ...................................................................................... 161
Section 33.1: Basic map-making with map() from the package maps ............................................................... 161
, Section 33.2: 50 State Maps and Advanced Choropleths with Google Viz ......................................................... 164
Section 33.3: Interactive plotly maps ...................................................................................................................... 165
Section 33.4: Making Dynamic HTML Maps with Leaflet ...................................................................................... 167
Section 33.5: Dynamic Leaflet maps in Shiny applications .................................................................................. 168
Chapter 34: Set operations ................................................................................................................................. 171
Section 34.1: Set operators for pairs of vectors ..................................................................................................... 171
Section 34.2: Cartesian or "cross" products of vectors ......................................................................................... 171
Section 34.3: Set membership for vectors .............................................................................................................. 172
Section 34.4: Make unique / drop duplicates / select distinct elements from a vector .................................... 172
Section 34.5: Measuring set overlaps / Venn diagrams for vectors ................................................................... 173
Chapter 35: tidyverse ............................................................................................................................................. 174
Section 35.1: tidyverse: an overview ........................................................................................................................ 174
Section 35.2: Creating tbl_df’s ................................................................................................................................. 175
Chapter 36: Rcpp ...................................................................................................................................................... 176
Section 36.1: Extending Rcpp with Plugins .............................................................................................................. 176
Section 36.2: Inline Code Compile ............................................................................................................................ 176
Section 36.3: Rcpp Attributes ................................................................................................................................... 177
Section 36.4: Specifying Additional Build Dependencies ...................................................................................... 178
Chapter 37: Random Numbers Generator .................................................................................................. 179
Section 37.1: Random permutations ........................................................................................................................ 179
Section 37.2: Generating random numbers using various density functions ..................................................... 179
Section 37.3: Random number generator's reproducibility .................................................................................. 181
Chapter 38: Parallel processing ........................................................................................................................ 182
Section 38.1: Parallel processing with parallel package ........................................................................................ 182
Section 38.2: Parallel processing with foreach package ...................................................................................... 183
Section 38.3: Random Number Generation ............................................................................................................ 184
Section 38.4: mcparallelDo ....................................................................................................................................... 184
Chapter 39: Subsetting .......................................................................................................................................... 186
Section 39.1: Data frames ......................................................................................................................................... 186
Section 39.2: Atomic vectors .................................................................................................................................... 187
Section 39.3: Matrices ............................................................................................................................................... 188
Section 39.4: Lists ...................................................................................................................................................... 190
Section 39.5: Vector indexing ................................................................................................................................... 191
Section 39.6: Other objects ....................................................................................................................................... 192
Section 39.7: Elementwise Matrix Operations ........................................................................................................ 192
Chapter 40: Debugging ......................................................................................................................................... 194
Section 40.1: Using debug ........................................................................................................................................ 194
Section 40.2: Using browser ..................................................................................................................................... 194
Chapter 41: Installing packages ....................................................................................................................... 196
Section 41.1: Install packages from GitHub ............................................................................................................. 196
Section 41.2: Download and install packages from repositories ......................................................................... 197
Section 41.3: Install package from local source ..................................................................................................... 198
Section 41.4: Install local development version of a package .............................................................................. 198
Section 41.5: Using a CLI package manager -- basic pacman usage ................................................................. 199
Chapter 42: Inspecting packages .................................................................................................................... 200
Section 42.1: View Package Version ........................................................................................................................ 200
Section 42.2: View Loaded packages in Current Session ..................................................................................... 200
Section 42.3: View package information ................................................................................................................ 200
Section 42.4: View package's built-in data sets ..................................................................................................... 200
