Contents
About ................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
Chapter 1: Getting started with JavaScript ..................................................................................................... 2
Section 1.1: Using console.log() ..................................................................................................................................... 2
Section 1.2: Using the DOM API .................................................................................................................................... 4
Section 1.3: Using window.alert() .................................................................................................................................. 5
Section 1.4: Using window.prompt() ............................................................................................................................. 6
Section 1.5: Using window.confirm() ............................................................................................................................ 7
Section 1.6: Using the DOM API (with graphical text: Canvas, SVG, or image file) ................................................. 8
Chapter 2: JavaScript Variables ......................................................................................................................... 10
Section 2.1: Defining a Variable ................................................................................................................................. 10
Section 2.2: Using a Variable ..................................................................................................................................... 10
Section 2.3: Types of Variables .................................................................................................................................. 10
Section 2.4: Arrays and Objects ................................................................................................................................ 11
Chapter 3: Built-in Constants ................................................................................................................................ 12
Section 3.1: null ............................................................................................................................................................. 12
Section 3.2: Testing for NaN using isNaN() .............................................................................................................. 12
Section 3.3: NaN .......................................................................................................................................................... 13
Section 3.4: undefined and null .................................................................................................................................. 14
Section 3.5: Infinity and -Infinity ................................................................................................................................. 15
Section 3.6: Number constants .................................................................................................................................. 15
Section 3.7: Operations that return NaN ................................................................................................................... 16
Section 3.8: Math library functions that return NaN ................................................................................................ 16
Chapter 4: Comments .............................................................................................................................................. 17
Section 4.1: Using Comments ..................................................................................................................................... 17
Section 4.2: Using HTML comments in JavaScript (Bad practice) ........................................................................ 17
Chapter 5: Console ..................................................................................................................................................... 19
Section 5.1: Measuring time - console.time() ............................................................................................................ 22
Section 5.2: Formatting console output .................................................................................................................... 23
Section 5.3: Printing to a browser's debugging console ......................................................................................... 24
Section 5.4: Including a stack trace when logging - console.trace() ..................................................................... 26
Section 5.5: Tabulating values - console.table() ...................................................................................................... 26
Section 5.6: Counting - console.count() .................................................................................................................... 28
Section 5.7: Clearing the console - console.clear() .................................................................................................. 30
Section 5.8: Displaying objects and XML interactively - console.dir(), console.dirxml() ...................................... 30
Section 5.9: Debugging with assertions - console.assert() ..................................................................................... 32
Chapter 6: Datatypes in JavaScript ................................................................................................................. 33
Section 6.1: typeof ....................................................................................................................................................... 33
Section 6.2: Finding an object's class ........................................................................................................................ 34
Section 6.3: Getting object type by constructor name ............................................................................................ 34
Chapter 7: Strings ....................................................................................................................................................... 37
Section 7.1: Basic Info and String Concatenation ..................................................................................................... 37
Section 7.2: Reverse String ......................................................................................................................................... 38
Section 7.3: Comparing Strings Lexicographically ................................................................................................... 39
Section 7.4: Access character at index in string ....................................................................................................... 40
Section 7.5: Escaping quotes ...................................................................................................................................... 40
Section 7.6: Word Counter .......................................................................................................................................... 41
, Section 7.7: Trim whitespace ...................................................................................................................................... 41
Section 7.8: Splitting a string into an array .............................................................................................................. 41
Section 7.9: Strings are unicode ................................................................................................................................. 42
Section 7.10: Detecting a string .................................................................................................................................. 42
Section 7.11: Substrings with slice ............................................................................................................................... 43
Section 7.12: Character code ...................................................................................................................................... 43
Section 7.13: String Representations of Numbers .................................................................................................... 43
Section 7.14: String Find and Replace Functions ...................................................................................................... 44
Section 7.15: Find the index of a substring inside a string ....................................................................................... 45
Section 7.16: String to Upper Case ............................................................................................................................. 45
Section 7.17: String to Lower Case ............................................................................................................................. 46
Section 7.18: Repeat a String ...................................................................................................................................... 46
Chapter 8: Date ........................................................................................................................................................... 47
Section 8.1: Create a new Date object ....................................................................................................................... 47
Section 8.2: Convert to a string format .................................................................................................................... 49
Section 8.3: Creating a Date from UTC ..................................................................................................................... 50
Section 8.4: Formatting a JavaScript date ............................................................................................................... 53
Section 8.5: Get the number of milliseconds elapsed since 1 January 1970 00:00:00 UTC ................................. 55
Section 8.6: Get the current time and date ............................................................................................................... 55
Section 8.7: Increment a Date Object ....................................................................................................................... 56
Section 8.8: Convert to JSON ..................................................................................................................................... 57
Chapter 9: Date Comparison ................................................................................................................................ 58
Section 9.1: Comparing Date values .......................................................................................................................... 58
Section 9.2: Date Dierence Calculation .................................................................................................................. 59
Chapter 10: Comparison Operations ................................................................................................................ 60
Section 10.1: Abstract equality / inequality and type conversion ........................................................................... 60
Section 10.2: NaN Property of the Global Object ..................................................................................................... 61
Section 10.3: Short-circuiting in boolean operators ................................................................................................. 63
Section 10.4: Null and Undefined ............................................................................................................................... 65
Section 10.5: Abstract Equality (==) ........................................................................................................................... 65
Section 10.6: Logic Operators with Booleans ........................................................................................................... 66
Section 10.7: Automatic Type Conversions ............................................................................................................... 67
Section 10.8: Logic Operators with Non-boolean values (boolean coercion) ....................................................... 67
Section 10.9: Empty Array ........................................................................................................................................... 68
Section 10.10: Equality comparison operations ........................................................................................................ 68
Section 10.11: Relational operators (<, <=, >, >=) ........................................................................................................ 70
Section 10.12: Inequality .............................................................................................................................................. 71
Section 10.13: List of Comparison Operators ............................................................................................................ 72
Section 10.14: Grouping multiple logic statements ................................................................................................... 72
Section 10.15: Bit fields to optimise comparison of multi state data ...................................................................... 72
Chapter 11: Conditions .............................................................................................................................................. 74
Section 11.1: Ternary operators .................................................................................................................................. 74
Section 11.2: Switch statement .................................................................................................................................... 75
Section 11.3: If / Else If / Else Control ......................................................................................................................... 77
Section 11.4: Strategy ................................................................................................................................................... 78
Section 11.5: Using || and && short circuiting ............................................................................................................. 79
Chapter 12: Arrays ...................................................................................................................................................... 80
Section 12.1: Converting Array-like Objects to Arrays ............................................................................................. 80
Section 12.2: Reducing values .................................................................................................................................... 82
Section 12.3: Mapping values ..................................................................................................................................... 84
, Section 12.4: Filtering Object Arrays .......................................................................................................................... 84
Section 12.5: Sorting Arrays ........................................................................................................................................ 86
Section 12.6: Iteration .................................................................................................................................................. 88
Section 12.7: Destructuring an array ......................................................................................................................... 92
Section 12.8: Removing duplicate elements ............................................................................................................. 93
Section 12.9: Array comparison ................................................................................................................................. 93
Section 12.10: Reversing arrays .................................................................................................................................. 94
Section 12.11: Shallow cloning an array ..................................................................................................................... 95
Section 12.12: Concatenating Arrays ......................................................................................................................... 95
Section 12.13: Merge two array as key value pair .................................................................................................... 97
Section 12.14: Array spread / rest .............................................................................................................................. 97
Section 12.15: Filtering values ..................................................................................................................................... 98
Section 12.16: Searching an Array .............................................................................................................................. 99
Section 12.17: Convert a String to an Array ............................................................................................................ 100
Section 12.18: Removing items from an array ........................................................................................................ 100
Section 12.19: Removing all elements ...................................................................................................................... 101
Section 12.20: Finding the minimum or maximum element .................................................................................. 102
Section 12.21: Standard array initialization ............................................................................................................. 103
Section 12.22: Joining array elements in a string .................................................................................................. 104
Section 12.23: Removing/Adding elements using splice() .................................................................................... 105
Section 12.24: The entries() method ........................................................................................................................ 105
Section 12.25: Remove value from array ................................................................................................................ 105
Section 12.26: Flattening Arrays .............................................................................................................................. 106
Section 12.27: Append / Prepend items to Array ................................................................................................... 107
Section 12.28: Object keys and values to array ..................................................................................................... 107
Section 12.29: Logical connective of values ........................................................................................................... 108
Section 12.30: Checking if an object is an Array .................................................................................................... 108
Section 12.31: Insert an item into an array at a specific index .............................................................................. 109
Section 12.32: Sorting multidimensional array ....................................................................................................... 109
Section 12.33: Test all array items for equality ...................................................................................................... 110
Section 12.34: Copy part of an Array ...................................................................................................................... 110
Chapter 13: Objects .................................................................................................................................................. 112
Section 13.1: Shallow cloning ..................................................................................................................................... 112
Section 13.2: Object.freeze ........................................................................................................................................ 112
Section 13.3: Object cloning ...................................................................................................................................... 113
Section 13.4: Object properties iteration ................................................................................................................. 114
Section 13.5: Object.assign ........................................................................................................................................ 115
Section 13.6: Object rest/spread (...) ........................................................................................................................ 116
Section 13.7: Object.defineProperty ......................................................................................................................... 116
Section 13.8: Accesor properties (get and set) ....................................................................................................... 117
Section 13.9: Dynamic / variable property names ................................................................................................ 117
Section 13.10: Arrays are Objects ............................................................................................................................. 118
Section 13.11: Object.seal ........................................................................................................................................... 119
Section 13.12: Convert object's values to array ...................................................................................................... 120
Section 13.13: Retrieving properties from an object ............................................................................................... 120
Section 13.14: Read-Only property ........................................................................................................................... 123
Section 13.15: Non enumerable property ................................................................................................................ 123
Section 13.16: Lock property description ................................................................................................................. 123
Section 13.17: Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor ................................................................................................... 124
Section 13.18: Descriptors and Named Properties ................................................................................................. 124
Section 13.19: Object.keys ......................................................................................................................................... 126
, Section 13.20: Properties with special characters or reserved words .................................................................. 126
Section 13.21: Creating an Iterable object ............................................................................................................... 127
Section 13.22: Iterating over Object entries - Object.entries() .............................................................................. 127
Section 13.23: Object.values() ................................................................................................................................... 128
Chapter 14: Arithmetic (Math) ........................................................................................................................... 129
Section 14.1: Constants .............................................................................................................................................. 129
Section 14.2: Remainder / Modulus (%) .................................................................................................................. 129
Section 14.3: Rounding .............................................................................................................................................. 130
Section 14.4: Trigonometry ....................................................................................................................................... 132
Section 14.5: Bitwise operators ................................................................................................................................ 133
Section 14.6: Incrementing (++) ................................................................................................................................ 135
Section 14.7: Exponentiation (Math.pow() or **) ..................................................................................................... 135
Section 14.8: Random Integers and Floats ............................................................................................................. 136
Section 14.9: Addition (+) .......................................................................................................................................... 137
Section 14.10: Little / Big endian for typed arrays when using bitwise operators .............................................. 137
Section 14.11: Get Random Between Two Numbers ............................................................................................... 138
Section 14.12: Simulating events with dierent probabilities ................................................................................. 139
Section 14.13: Subtraction (-) .................................................................................................................................... 140
Section 14.14: Multiplication (*) ................................................................................................................................. 140
Section 14.15: Getting maximum and minimum ..................................................................................................... 140
Section 14.16: Restrict Number to Min/Max Range ................................................................................................ 141
Section 14.17: Ceiling and Floor ................................................................................................................................ 141
Section 14.18: Getting roots of a number ................................................................................................................ 142
Section 14.19: Random with gaussian distribution ................................................................................................. 142
Section 14.20: Math.atan2 to find direction ............................................................................................................ 143
Section 14.21: Sin & Cos to create a vector given direction & distance ............................................................... 143
Section 14.22: Math.hypot ......................................................................................................................................... 144
Section 14.23: Periodic functions using Math.sin .................................................................................................... 145
Section 14.24: Division (/) ......................................................................................................................................... 146
Section 14.25: Decrementing (--) ............................................................................................................................. 146
Chapter 15: Bitwise operators ............................................................................................................................ 148
Section 15.1: Bitwise operators ................................................................................................................................. 148
Section 15.2: Shift Operators .................................................................................................................................... 150
Chapter 16: Constructor functions ................................................................................................................... 151
Section 16.1: Declaring a constructor function ........................................................................................................ 151
Chapter 17: Declarations and Assignments ................................................................................................ 152
Section 17.1: Modifying constants ............................................................................................................................ 152
Section 17.2: Declaring and initializing constants .................................................................................................. 152
Section 17.3: Declaration ........................................................................................................................................... 152
Section 17.4: Undefined ............................................................................................................................................. 153
Section 17.5: Data Types ........................................................................................................................................... 153
Section 17.6: Mathematic operations and assignment .......................................................................................... 153
Section 17.7: Assignment ........................................................................................................................................... 155
Chapter 18: Loops ..................................................................................................................................................... 156
Section 18.1: Standard "for" loops ............................................................................................................................ 156
Section 18.2: "for ... of" loop ...................................................................................................................................... 157
Section 18.3: "for ... in" loop ....................................................................................................................................... 159
Section 18.4: "while" Loops ....................................................................................................................................... 159
Section 18.5: "continue" a loop ................................................................................................................................. 160
Section 18.6: Break specific nested loops ............................................................................................................... 161
About ................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
Chapter 1: Getting started with JavaScript ..................................................................................................... 2
Section 1.1: Using console.log() ..................................................................................................................................... 2
Section 1.2: Using the DOM API .................................................................................................................................... 4
Section 1.3: Using window.alert() .................................................................................................................................. 5
Section 1.4: Using window.prompt() ............................................................................................................................. 6
Section 1.5: Using window.confirm() ............................................................................................................................ 7
Section 1.6: Using the DOM API (with graphical text: Canvas, SVG, or image file) ................................................. 8
Chapter 2: JavaScript Variables ......................................................................................................................... 10
Section 2.1: Defining a Variable ................................................................................................................................. 10
Section 2.2: Using a Variable ..................................................................................................................................... 10
Section 2.3: Types of Variables .................................................................................................................................. 10
Section 2.4: Arrays and Objects ................................................................................................................................ 11
Chapter 3: Built-in Constants ................................................................................................................................ 12
Section 3.1: null ............................................................................................................................................................. 12
Section 3.2: Testing for NaN using isNaN() .............................................................................................................. 12
Section 3.3: NaN .......................................................................................................................................................... 13
Section 3.4: undefined and null .................................................................................................................................. 14
Section 3.5: Infinity and -Infinity ................................................................................................................................. 15
Section 3.6: Number constants .................................................................................................................................. 15
Section 3.7: Operations that return NaN ................................................................................................................... 16
Section 3.8: Math library functions that return NaN ................................................................................................ 16
Chapter 4: Comments .............................................................................................................................................. 17
Section 4.1: Using Comments ..................................................................................................................................... 17
Section 4.2: Using HTML comments in JavaScript (Bad practice) ........................................................................ 17
Chapter 5: Console ..................................................................................................................................................... 19
Section 5.1: Measuring time - console.time() ............................................................................................................ 22
Section 5.2: Formatting console output .................................................................................................................... 23
Section 5.3: Printing to a browser's debugging console ......................................................................................... 24
Section 5.4: Including a stack trace when logging - console.trace() ..................................................................... 26
Section 5.5: Tabulating values - console.table() ...................................................................................................... 26
Section 5.6: Counting - console.count() .................................................................................................................... 28
Section 5.7: Clearing the console - console.clear() .................................................................................................. 30
Section 5.8: Displaying objects and XML interactively - console.dir(), console.dirxml() ...................................... 30
Section 5.9: Debugging with assertions - console.assert() ..................................................................................... 32
Chapter 6: Datatypes in JavaScript ................................................................................................................. 33
Section 6.1: typeof ....................................................................................................................................................... 33
Section 6.2: Finding an object's class ........................................................................................................................ 34
Section 6.3: Getting object type by constructor name ............................................................................................ 34
Chapter 7: Strings ....................................................................................................................................................... 37
Section 7.1: Basic Info and String Concatenation ..................................................................................................... 37
Section 7.2: Reverse String ......................................................................................................................................... 38
Section 7.3: Comparing Strings Lexicographically ................................................................................................... 39
Section 7.4: Access character at index in string ....................................................................................................... 40
Section 7.5: Escaping quotes ...................................................................................................................................... 40
Section 7.6: Word Counter .......................................................................................................................................... 41
, Section 7.7: Trim whitespace ...................................................................................................................................... 41
Section 7.8: Splitting a string into an array .............................................................................................................. 41
Section 7.9: Strings are unicode ................................................................................................................................. 42
Section 7.10: Detecting a string .................................................................................................................................. 42
Section 7.11: Substrings with slice ............................................................................................................................... 43
Section 7.12: Character code ...................................................................................................................................... 43
Section 7.13: String Representations of Numbers .................................................................................................... 43
Section 7.14: String Find and Replace Functions ...................................................................................................... 44
Section 7.15: Find the index of a substring inside a string ....................................................................................... 45
Section 7.16: String to Upper Case ............................................................................................................................. 45
Section 7.17: String to Lower Case ............................................................................................................................. 46
Section 7.18: Repeat a String ...................................................................................................................................... 46
Chapter 8: Date ........................................................................................................................................................... 47
Section 8.1: Create a new Date object ....................................................................................................................... 47
Section 8.2: Convert to a string format .................................................................................................................... 49
Section 8.3: Creating a Date from UTC ..................................................................................................................... 50
Section 8.4: Formatting a JavaScript date ............................................................................................................... 53
Section 8.5: Get the number of milliseconds elapsed since 1 January 1970 00:00:00 UTC ................................. 55
Section 8.6: Get the current time and date ............................................................................................................... 55
Section 8.7: Increment a Date Object ....................................................................................................................... 56
Section 8.8: Convert to JSON ..................................................................................................................................... 57
Chapter 9: Date Comparison ................................................................................................................................ 58
Section 9.1: Comparing Date values .......................................................................................................................... 58
Section 9.2: Date Dierence Calculation .................................................................................................................. 59
Chapter 10: Comparison Operations ................................................................................................................ 60
Section 10.1: Abstract equality / inequality and type conversion ........................................................................... 60
Section 10.2: NaN Property of the Global Object ..................................................................................................... 61
Section 10.3: Short-circuiting in boolean operators ................................................................................................. 63
Section 10.4: Null and Undefined ............................................................................................................................... 65
Section 10.5: Abstract Equality (==) ........................................................................................................................... 65
Section 10.6: Logic Operators with Booleans ........................................................................................................... 66
Section 10.7: Automatic Type Conversions ............................................................................................................... 67
Section 10.8: Logic Operators with Non-boolean values (boolean coercion) ....................................................... 67
Section 10.9: Empty Array ........................................................................................................................................... 68
Section 10.10: Equality comparison operations ........................................................................................................ 68
Section 10.11: Relational operators (<, <=, >, >=) ........................................................................................................ 70
Section 10.12: Inequality .............................................................................................................................................. 71
Section 10.13: List of Comparison Operators ............................................................................................................ 72
Section 10.14: Grouping multiple logic statements ................................................................................................... 72
Section 10.15: Bit fields to optimise comparison of multi state data ...................................................................... 72
Chapter 11: Conditions .............................................................................................................................................. 74
Section 11.1: Ternary operators .................................................................................................................................. 74
Section 11.2: Switch statement .................................................................................................................................... 75
Section 11.3: If / Else If / Else Control ......................................................................................................................... 77
Section 11.4: Strategy ................................................................................................................................................... 78
Section 11.5: Using || and && short circuiting ............................................................................................................. 79
Chapter 12: Arrays ...................................................................................................................................................... 80
Section 12.1: Converting Array-like Objects to Arrays ............................................................................................. 80
Section 12.2: Reducing values .................................................................................................................................... 82
Section 12.3: Mapping values ..................................................................................................................................... 84
, Section 12.4: Filtering Object Arrays .......................................................................................................................... 84
Section 12.5: Sorting Arrays ........................................................................................................................................ 86
Section 12.6: Iteration .................................................................................................................................................. 88
Section 12.7: Destructuring an array ......................................................................................................................... 92
Section 12.8: Removing duplicate elements ............................................................................................................. 93
Section 12.9: Array comparison ................................................................................................................................. 93
Section 12.10: Reversing arrays .................................................................................................................................. 94
Section 12.11: Shallow cloning an array ..................................................................................................................... 95
Section 12.12: Concatenating Arrays ......................................................................................................................... 95
Section 12.13: Merge two array as key value pair .................................................................................................... 97
Section 12.14: Array spread / rest .............................................................................................................................. 97
Section 12.15: Filtering values ..................................................................................................................................... 98
Section 12.16: Searching an Array .............................................................................................................................. 99
Section 12.17: Convert a String to an Array ............................................................................................................ 100
Section 12.18: Removing items from an array ........................................................................................................ 100
Section 12.19: Removing all elements ...................................................................................................................... 101
Section 12.20: Finding the minimum or maximum element .................................................................................. 102
Section 12.21: Standard array initialization ............................................................................................................. 103
Section 12.22: Joining array elements in a string .................................................................................................. 104
Section 12.23: Removing/Adding elements using splice() .................................................................................... 105
Section 12.24: The entries() method ........................................................................................................................ 105
Section 12.25: Remove value from array ................................................................................................................ 105
Section 12.26: Flattening Arrays .............................................................................................................................. 106
Section 12.27: Append / Prepend items to Array ................................................................................................... 107
Section 12.28: Object keys and values to array ..................................................................................................... 107
Section 12.29: Logical connective of values ........................................................................................................... 108
Section 12.30: Checking if an object is an Array .................................................................................................... 108
Section 12.31: Insert an item into an array at a specific index .............................................................................. 109
Section 12.32: Sorting multidimensional array ....................................................................................................... 109
Section 12.33: Test all array items for equality ...................................................................................................... 110
Section 12.34: Copy part of an Array ...................................................................................................................... 110
Chapter 13: Objects .................................................................................................................................................. 112
Section 13.1: Shallow cloning ..................................................................................................................................... 112
Section 13.2: Object.freeze ........................................................................................................................................ 112
Section 13.3: Object cloning ...................................................................................................................................... 113
Section 13.4: Object properties iteration ................................................................................................................. 114
Section 13.5: Object.assign ........................................................................................................................................ 115
Section 13.6: Object rest/spread (...) ........................................................................................................................ 116
Section 13.7: Object.defineProperty ......................................................................................................................... 116
Section 13.8: Accesor properties (get and set) ....................................................................................................... 117
Section 13.9: Dynamic / variable property names ................................................................................................ 117
Section 13.10: Arrays are Objects ............................................................................................................................. 118
Section 13.11: Object.seal ........................................................................................................................................... 119
Section 13.12: Convert object's values to array ...................................................................................................... 120
Section 13.13: Retrieving properties from an object ............................................................................................... 120
Section 13.14: Read-Only property ........................................................................................................................... 123
Section 13.15: Non enumerable property ................................................................................................................ 123
Section 13.16: Lock property description ................................................................................................................. 123
Section 13.17: Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor ................................................................................................... 124
Section 13.18: Descriptors and Named Properties ................................................................................................. 124
Section 13.19: Object.keys ......................................................................................................................................... 126
, Section 13.20: Properties with special characters or reserved words .................................................................. 126
Section 13.21: Creating an Iterable object ............................................................................................................... 127
Section 13.22: Iterating over Object entries - Object.entries() .............................................................................. 127
Section 13.23: Object.values() ................................................................................................................................... 128
Chapter 14: Arithmetic (Math) ........................................................................................................................... 129
Section 14.1: Constants .............................................................................................................................................. 129
Section 14.2: Remainder / Modulus (%) .................................................................................................................. 129
Section 14.3: Rounding .............................................................................................................................................. 130
Section 14.4: Trigonometry ....................................................................................................................................... 132
Section 14.5: Bitwise operators ................................................................................................................................ 133
Section 14.6: Incrementing (++) ................................................................................................................................ 135
Section 14.7: Exponentiation (Math.pow() or **) ..................................................................................................... 135
Section 14.8: Random Integers and Floats ............................................................................................................. 136
Section 14.9: Addition (+) .......................................................................................................................................... 137
Section 14.10: Little / Big endian for typed arrays when using bitwise operators .............................................. 137
Section 14.11: Get Random Between Two Numbers ............................................................................................... 138
Section 14.12: Simulating events with dierent probabilities ................................................................................. 139
Section 14.13: Subtraction (-) .................................................................................................................................... 140
Section 14.14: Multiplication (*) ................................................................................................................................. 140
Section 14.15: Getting maximum and minimum ..................................................................................................... 140
Section 14.16: Restrict Number to Min/Max Range ................................................................................................ 141
Section 14.17: Ceiling and Floor ................................................................................................................................ 141
Section 14.18: Getting roots of a number ................................................................................................................ 142
Section 14.19: Random with gaussian distribution ................................................................................................. 142
Section 14.20: Math.atan2 to find direction ............................................................................................................ 143
Section 14.21: Sin & Cos to create a vector given direction & distance ............................................................... 143
Section 14.22: Math.hypot ......................................................................................................................................... 144
Section 14.23: Periodic functions using Math.sin .................................................................................................... 145
Section 14.24: Division (/) ......................................................................................................................................... 146
Section 14.25: Decrementing (--) ............................................................................................................................. 146
Chapter 15: Bitwise operators ............................................................................................................................ 148
Section 15.1: Bitwise operators ................................................................................................................................. 148
Section 15.2: Shift Operators .................................................................................................................................... 150
Chapter 16: Constructor functions ................................................................................................................... 151
Section 16.1: Declaring a constructor function ........................................................................................................ 151
Chapter 17: Declarations and Assignments ................................................................................................ 152
Section 17.1: Modifying constants ............................................................................................................................ 152
Section 17.2: Declaring and initializing constants .................................................................................................. 152
Section 17.3: Declaration ........................................................................................................................................... 152
Section 17.4: Undefined ............................................................................................................................................. 153
Section 17.5: Data Types ........................................................................................................................................... 153
Section 17.6: Mathematic operations and assignment .......................................................................................... 153
Section 17.7: Assignment ........................................................................................................................................... 155
Chapter 18: Loops ..................................................................................................................................................... 156
Section 18.1: Standard "for" loops ............................................................................................................................ 156
Section 18.2: "for ... of" loop ...................................................................................................................................... 157
Section 18.3: "for ... in" loop ....................................................................................................................................... 159
Section 18.4: "while" Loops ....................................................................................................................................... 159
Section 18.5: "continue" a loop ................................................................................................................................. 160
Section 18.6: Break specific nested loops ............................................................................................................... 161
