Study Guide Exam 2
Helpful quizlet:
https://quizlet.com/73699487/psych-101-exam-2-flash-cards/
· What is the difference between a reinforcer and punishment?
punishment is when you are trying to stop or decrease a behavior and reinforcement is
you are encouraging a behavior
· Give an example of shaping in operant conditioning:
Putting your hand on a hot stove and quickly pulling it off
- operant conditioning has positive reinforcers: the rat got food every time he pressed the level, he
learned that if he does something he gets a positive reinforcement
- negative reinforcer: in the skinner box there was a loud noise that kept ringing until the rat did what
skinner wanted, when he did what he was supposed to the noise stopped
- positive punishment: this is a punishment to try and stop something from happening, i.e. spanking a
child if he does something bad, you are trying to stop him from doing that thing so you punish him
- negative punishment: this is when you remove something to try and stop a behavior, i.e. if a kid does
something wrong you take something away from them to try and get them to stop.
· Know all of your schedules of reinforcement and give examples;
continuous reinforcement: desired response is reinforced every time it occurs
intermittent reinforcement: reinforcing a response only part of the time. slower acquisition but greater
resistance to extinction
Four Types:
1. fixed ratio: reinforce behavior after a set number of responses
a. ex: one reinforcer (food pellet) every 30 seconds
2. variable ratio: reinforce behavior unpredictably
a. example: gambling, fishing
→ produce high rates of responding because reinforcers increase as the responding increases
3. fixed interval: reinforce the first response after a fixed time period
-focus not on the number of responses, but on amount of time that passes
a. example: checking mail more frequently as time nears. cookies done yet? “by nine, get
one free!”
4. variable interval: reinforce the first response after varying time intervals
a. example: pop quiz and studying; “hello” after persistent dialing of busy number…
→ produce slow, steady responding. there is no knowing when the waiting will be over
· What do tolerance and withdrawal have to do with drugs and their use?
tolerance- if you become addicted to a drug you don’t get the same effect so you need an even larger
dose to get desired effect
withdrawal-the brain lacks the normal level of these painkilling neurotransmitters and the result is
sheer agony
· Be able to describe all of the sleep disorders discussed in class
Generally, three categories of sleep disorders:
1. Insomnia: most common, tied to psychiatric distress (psychiatric patients sleep less than nonpsychiatric
patients)
2. Too much sleep (excessive daytime disorder): narcolepsy;daytime sleep, when you can all of a sudden
fall over and be asleep, the narcoleptic dog
3. Parasomniacs: sleep apnea; temporary stop of breathing during sleep, you stop breathing in the middle
of the night and wake up just in time to resume
a. result: no rest but also don’t recall nighttime awakenings
b. also related to obesity- obese people have hard time sleeping due to breathing problems
4. SIDS: sudden stop in breathing and suffocation, 28%-52% due to accidental suffocation. Still unknown,
this is why babies shouldn't sleep with blankets or anything in their cribs
5. Nightmares: frightening dreams in REM, - Night terror: stage 4, awake to scream and stay awake in
fear for about 30 min and not remember the episode the next day
6. Sleep walking: : NREM (non REM); okay to awaken them: usually with children
7. REM disorder: when people act out during their sleep, very dangerous, paralysis doesn't work
out so they act out
· Know the various categories of drugs and their effects
Categories: toxic vs. how addictive(non toxic to highly toxic)
HIGH and HIGH
● Methamphetamine-highly toxic and high addictive potential
● Cocaine/nicotine is highly toxic and highly addictive
HIGH and LOW
● MDMA alcohol highly toxic but low addictive potential
● Marijuana-moderately toxic but low addictive
LOW and LOW
● LSD is non toxic but low addictive (hallucinogen)
● Psilocibin-non toxic and low addictive potential
Depressants- slow body functions, calm neural activity
Al h l (d t)
Helpful quizlet:
https://quizlet.com/73699487/psych-101-exam-2-flash-cards/
· What is the difference between a reinforcer and punishment?
punishment is when you are trying to stop or decrease a behavior and reinforcement is
you are encouraging a behavior
· Give an example of shaping in operant conditioning:
Putting your hand on a hot stove and quickly pulling it off
- operant conditioning has positive reinforcers: the rat got food every time he pressed the level, he
learned that if he does something he gets a positive reinforcement
- negative reinforcer: in the skinner box there was a loud noise that kept ringing until the rat did what
skinner wanted, when he did what he was supposed to the noise stopped
- positive punishment: this is a punishment to try and stop something from happening, i.e. spanking a
child if he does something bad, you are trying to stop him from doing that thing so you punish him
- negative punishment: this is when you remove something to try and stop a behavior, i.e. if a kid does
something wrong you take something away from them to try and get them to stop.
· Know all of your schedules of reinforcement and give examples;
continuous reinforcement: desired response is reinforced every time it occurs
intermittent reinforcement: reinforcing a response only part of the time. slower acquisition but greater
resistance to extinction
Four Types:
1. fixed ratio: reinforce behavior after a set number of responses
a. ex: one reinforcer (food pellet) every 30 seconds
2. variable ratio: reinforce behavior unpredictably
a. example: gambling, fishing
→ produce high rates of responding because reinforcers increase as the responding increases
3. fixed interval: reinforce the first response after a fixed time period
-focus not on the number of responses, but on amount of time that passes
a. example: checking mail more frequently as time nears. cookies done yet? “by nine, get
one free!”
4. variable interval: reinforce the first response after varying time intervals
a. example: pop quiz and studying; “hello” after persistent dialing of busy number…
→ produce slow, steady responding. there is no knowing when the waiting will be over
· What do tolerance and withdrawal have to do with drugs and their use?
tolerance- if you become addicted to a drug you don’t get the same effect so you need an even larger
dose to get desired effect
withdrawal-the brain lacks the normal level of these painkilling neurotransmitters and the result is
sheer agony
· Be able to describe all of the sleep disorders discussed in class
Generally, three categories of sleep disorders:
1. Insomnia: most common, tied to psychiatric distress (psychiatric patients sleep less than nonpsychiatric
patients)
2. Too much sleep (excessive daytime disorder): narcolepsy;daytime sleep, when you can all of a sudden
fall over and be asleep, the narcoleptic dog
3. Parasomniacs: sleep apnea; temporary stop of breathing during sleep, you stop breathing in the middle
of the night and wake up just in time to resume
a. result: no rest but also don’t recall nighttime awakenings
b. also related to obesity- obese people have hard time sleeping due to breathing problems
4. SIDS: sudden stop in breathing and suffocation, 28%-52% due to accidental suffocation. Still unknown,
this is why babies shouldn't sleep with blankets or anything in their cribs
5. Nightmares: frightening dreams in REM, - Night terror: stage 4, awake to scream and stay awake in
fear for about 30 min and not remember the episode the next day
6. Sleep walking: : NREM (non REM); okay to awaken them: usually with children
7. REM disorder: when people act out during their sleep, very dangerous, paralysis doesn't work
out so they act out
· Know the various categories of drugs and their effects
Categories: toxic vs. how addictive(non toxic to highly toxic)
HIGH and HIGH
● Methamphetamine-highly toxic and high addictive potential
● Cocaine/nicotine is highly toxic and highly addictive
HIGH and LOW
● MDMA alcohol highly toxic but low addictive potential
● Marijuana-moderately toxic but low addictive
LOW and LOW
● LSD is non toxic but low addictive (hallucinogen)
● Psilocibin-non toxic and low addictive potential
Depressants- slow body functions, calm neural activity
Al h l (d t)
