IAAP CPACC Certification - Post Exam
(Answered) With Complete Solution
Medical Model of Disability
Presents a view that pairs the problem of a person with direct link to the trauma,
disease, or health condition
Medical Model of Disability Pros and Cons
Pros: Addresses the biological sources of disabilities and can provide ways to medically
manage the condition
Cons: Ignores the sociopolitical and environmental factors of disability; problem of the
individual
Social Model of Disability
Disability is not a characteristic of the individual but the conditions that the social
environment creates that prohibit the full integration of the individual.
Social Model of Disability Pros and Cons
Pros: Focus on the disabling conditions in the environment and clearing barriers that are
disabling people from using society in the way designed, the individual is not "broken"
Cons: Can downplay the embodied characteristics of disability, Can push disability
advocacy into a polarizing political space
Biophysical Model of Disability
A combination of the social and medical models to create a more complex and broad
view of disability in order to not diminish one aspect for another
Economic Model of Disability
Defined by the individual not being able to participate in work, ability or inability to
contribute to the economy, assessed by the loss in productivity and consequences for
the individual, employer, and economy; directly related to the charity model
Economic Model of Disability Pros and Cons
Pros: Recognizes the bodily limitations on work and that economic support may be
needed
Cons: Creates a legally defined group of "needy" people which can be stigmatizing and
also leave people out that do not meet the legal threshold for disabled but need support
Functional Solutions Model of Disability
Identifications of the limitations ("functional impairments") that the disability creates with
the intent to find solutions to overcome those barriers and reduce the limitations through
innovation
Functional Solutions Model of Disability Pros and Cons
Pros: Results-oriented and seeks solutions to real problems without diving into the
sociopolitical implications, encourages innovation and entrepreneurship
Cons: Can shift cost burden to the person instead of the building or organization; profit
driven can cause organization to miss the target audience and usefulness, can miss
sociopolitical root cause
Social Identity or Cultural Affiliation Model of Disability
identity by affiliation; deriving personal identity from membership in a like-minded group
(eg. Deaf Culture)
Social Identity or Cultural Affiliation Model of Disability Pros and Cons
,Pros: Accepts the disability completely and uses it as a point of pride
Cons: Can be negated or brought down by feeling excluded by not fitting the groups
expectations
Charity Model of Disability
Sees those with disability as unfortunate or needy and those that help as charitable and
kind contributors
Charity Model of Disability Pros and Cons
Pros: inspires generosity
Cons: condescending, person is an "object of pity", Often short-term fixes that sacrifice
effective long-term solutions for the immediate effectiveness
Sociopolitical Model of Disability
activist model that emphasizes the need for human rights for people with disabilities
How many people have a disability?
20% or 1 in 5 have some kind of disability
deaf
the condition of deafness, the partial or total hearing loss a person experiences from a
medical perspective
Deaf
Deaf Culture or Deaf Community
Cognitive Disabilities
most common type of disability, can arise as a result of congenital conditions that are
with an individual from birth, or developmental conditions that are with a person from a
young age. They can also result from traumatic injury, infections, chemical imbalances,
or other conditions later in life
Dyslexia and Reading Disabilities
cognitive disabilities experience difficulty reading. Some read at a lower level than their
peers of the same age, and some can't read at all
5-17% of population, equally affects males and females
Math Disabilities
Some people experience math anxiety, which is an emotional or psychological fear that
grips some people when confronted with math problems
medical term(s);
- dyscalculia (congenital or from injury): inability to compute
- dysgraphia: inability to draw/chart
affects 3-6% of the population
Augmentative and Alternate Communication (AAC)
- unaided: facial expressions, body lang.
- aided: pen, paper, electronics
- solutions to speech disorders
Seizure Disabilities
abnormal or erratic electrical impulses in the brain that interfere with a person's ability to
process information or, in some cases, control voluntary muscle movement. Can be
from physical reasons (drugs, dehydration, sleep, infections, fevers) or from flashing
, lights
- epilepsy: recurring seizures (2% of pop. have at least 1 in their life)
- photosensitivity epilepsy: when there are 16-25 images per second, 3% of people with
epilepsy have photosensitivity epilsepsy)
Psychological Disabilities
vast range of emotional and mental conditions. These conditions are first diagnosed as
"mental illness". and is then categorized as disability if it impacts life activities
Percentage of the worldwide population with a disability
10-20% most sources
Web Accessibility Principals
P-Perceivable
O- Operable
U- Understandable
R- Robust
Perception
making the output of web content available through multiple sensory modalities (touch,
hear, see)
examples: text alternatives, captions for multimedia, text spacing, distinguishable colors,
content on hover must be dismissable
Operable
making the input methods of web content functionally available to a wide range of input
devices (keyboard, mouse, touchscreen, voice recognition software, etc.)
- give enough time for users to read and use content
- help users navigate and find content
- control the focus
Understandable
making content and interfaces that people can comprehend (simplify vocab, specify the
language, limit complex topics/ technical jargon, supplemental formats, error
prevention/correction)
Robust
ensuring compatibility with a broad range of user agents, including assistive
technologies (standard markup, ARIA to indicate name, role, value, dynamic content of
open closed accordians)
Which principle of web accessibility focuses on presenting information that can
be accessed through multiple biological senses?
Perceivable
Ensuring that interaction with web content does not depend on using specific
input devices is an application of which principle?
Operable
Alerting users to session timeouts utilizes which principle?
Operable
True or False: Making sure that web content is robust means making sure that
content is written in a manner that is easy to comprehend.
(Answered) With Complete Solution
Medical Model of Disability
Presents a view that pairs the problem of a person with direct link to the trauma,
disease, or health condition
Medical Model of Disability Pros and Cons
Pros: Addresses the biological sources of disabilities and can provide ways to medically
manage the condition
Cons: Ignores the sociopolitical and environmental factors of disability; problem of the
individual
Social Model of Disability
Disability is not a characteristic of the individual but the conditions that the social
environment creates that prohibit the full integration of the individual.
Social Model of Disability Pros and Cons
Pros: Focus on the disabling conditions in the environment and clearing barriers that are
disabling people from using society in the way designed, the individual is not "broken"
Cons: Can downplay the embodied characteristics of disability, Can push disability
advocacy into a polarizing political space
Biophysical Model of Disability
A combination of the social and medical models to create a more complex and broad
view of disability in order to not diminish one aspect for another
Economic Model of Disability
Defined by the individual not being able to participate in work, ability or inability to
contribute to the economy, assessed by the loss in productivity and consequences for
the individual, employer, and economy; directly related to the charity model
Economic Model of Disability Pros and Cons
Pros: Recognizes the bodily limitations on work and that economic support may be
needed
Cons: Creates a legally defined group of "needy" people which can be stigmatizing and
also leave people out that do not meet the legal threshold for disabled but need support
Functional Solutions Model of Disability
Identifications of the limitations ("functional impairments") that the disability creates with
the intent to find solutions to overcome those barriers and reduce the limitations through
innovation
Functional Solutions Model of Disability Pros and Cons
Pros: Results-oriented and seeks solutions to real problems without diving into the
sociopolitical implications, encourages innovation and entrepreneurship
Cons: Can shift cost burden to the person instead of the building or organization; profit
driven can cause organization to miss the target audience and usefulness, can miss
sociopolitical root cause
Social Identity or Cultural Affiliation Model of Disability
identity by affiliation; deriving personal identity from membership in a like-minded group
(eg. Deaf Culture)
Social Identity or Cultural Affiliation Model of Disability Pros and Cons
,Pros: Accepts the disability completely and uses it as a point of pride
Cons: Can be negated or brought down by feeling excluded by not fitting the groups
expectations
Charity Model of Disability
Sees those with disability as unfortunate or needy and those that help as charitable and
kind contributors
Charity Model of Disability Pros and Cons
Pros: inspires generosity
Cons: condescending, person is an "object of pity", Often short-term fixes that sacrifice
effective long-term solutions for the immediate effectiveness
Sociopolitical Model of Disability
activist model that emphasizes the need for human rights for people with disabilities
How many people have a disability?
20% or 1 in 5 have some kind of disability
deaf
the condition of deafness, the partial or total hearing loss a person experiences from a
medical perspective
Deaf
Deaf Culture or Deaf Community
Cognitive Disabilities
most common type of disability, can arise as a result of congenital conditions that are
with an individual from birth, or developmental conditions that are with a person from a
young age. They can also result from traumatic injury, infections, chemical imbalances,
or other conditions later in life
Dyslexia and Reading Disabilities
cognitive disabilities experience difficulty reading. Some read at a lower level than their
peers of the same age, and some can't read at all
5-17% of population, equally affects males and females
Math Disabilities
Some people experience math anxiety, which is an emotional or psychological fear that
grips some people when confronted with math problems
medical term(s);
- dyscalculia (congenital or from injury): inability to compute
- dysgraphia: inability to draw/chart
affects 3-6% of the population
Augmentative and Alternate Communication (AAC)
- unaided: facial expressions, body lang.
- aided: pen, paper, electronics
- solutions to speech disorders
Seizure Disabilities
abnormal or erratic electrical impulses in the brain that interfere with a person's ability to
process information or, in some cases, control voluntary muscle movement. Can be
from physical reasons (drugs, dehydration, sleep, infections, fevers) or from flashing
, lights
- epilepsy: recurring seizures (2% of pop. have at least 1 in their life)
- photosensitivity epilepsy: when there are 16-25 images per second, 3% of people with
epilepsy have photosensitivity epilsepsy)
Psychological Disabilities
vast range of emotional and mental conditions. These conditions are first diagnosed as
"mental illness". and is then categorized as disability if it impacts life activities
Percentage of the worldwide population with a disability
10-20% most sources
Web Accessibility Principals
P-Perceivable
O- Operable
U- Understandable
R- Robust
Perception
making the output of web content available through multiple sensory modalities (touch,
hear, see)
examples: text alternatives, captions for multimedia, text spacing, distinguishable colors,
content on hover must be dismissable
Operable
making the input methods of web content functionally available to a wide range of input
devices (keyboard, mouse, touchscreen, voice recognition software, etc.)
- give enough time for users to read and use content
- help users navigate and find content
- control the focus
Understandable
making content and interfaces that people can comprehend (simplify vocab, specify the
language, limit complex topics/ technical jargon, supplemental formats, error
prevention/correction)
Robust
ensuring compatibility with a broad range of user agents, including assistive
technologies (standard markup, ARIA to indicate name, role, value, dynamic content of
open closed accordians)
Which principle of web accessibility focuses on presenting information that can
be accessed through multiple biological senses?
Perceivable
Ensuring that interaction with web content does not depend on using specific
input devices is an application of which principle?
Operable
Alerting users to session timeouts utilizes which principle?
Operable
True or False: Making sure that web content is robust means making sure that
content is written in a manner that is easy to comprehend.
