ONS/ONCC Chemotherapy
Immunotherapy
Certificate/ 15 Questions and Answers/
Graded A+
Lesson 1: Foundations to Set the Stage - -
-Focusing on Cellular Structure and Function - -
-The Normal Cell Cycle - --The cell cycle refers to the ordered
seres of processes of DNA replication and mitosis, or cell division
-Cell nucleus regulates these processes by gathering and
processing complexes molecular information
-Interphase and Mitotic Phase - -Cell division produces two
identical cells through these two major phases
-During interphase: - -Cell grows and DNA is replicated through
the following three steps:
1: First growth phase (G1 or first gap)
2: Synthesis phase (S phase)
3:Mitotic Phse (M phase)
-First Growth Phase (G1 or first gap) - --cells increase in size
-reproduce RNA
-"quality assurance" test that the cell will be ready to synthesis
DNA
-Length of time is variable, can be from hours to days
-Synthesis Phase (S phase) - --DNA replicates
,-Results in the formation of identical pairs of DNA (chromatids)
-which are attached a t the centromere
-lasts 2-10 hours
-Mitotic Phase (M phase) - --Replicated chromosomes are aligned,
separated, and move into 2 new, identical daughter cells
-takes about 30-60 minutes
-Major points of cell regulation are entry and exit from - --G1
checkpoint
-S Phase
-G2 checkpoint
-M phase
-Restriction Point - --The transition from the resting phase into an
actively dividing phase (G0-G1) is a point where cellular
transformation can occur
-During this time, cells pass through a transition phase known as
a restriction point
-Extracellular growth factors trigger reentry into G1, and GF are
required to send the cells past the restriction point, or the point of
no return
-G0 Phase (resting phase) - --After mitosis, cells may enter back
into the G1 phase or go into a resting phase, known as G0
-Most cells in the human body reside in G0
--Exceptions to this are those that are (Resting in G0 phase) - --
Exceptions to this are those that are metabollically active, such as
, -granulocytes
-and the epithelium of the GI tract
-Cell Cycling Time - -Amount of time from mitosis to mitosis
-Cell cycle video and image -
-http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072495855/student_vie
w0/chapter2/animation__how_the_cell_cycle_works.html
-Check points in the Cell Cycle: Keeping it All Under Control - --
The cell cycle is carefully controlled through a series of
checkpoints
-Variation in duplication or distribution of chromosomes during
cell division can alter the genetic information passed on to
daughter cells, leading to cellular dysfunction and disease, such
as cancer
-These checkpoints monitor for DNA integrity and control
progression through mitosis
-Progression through the cell cycle is controlled through two
proteins: - -1. cyclines (D, E, A, B)
2. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)
-Cyclin-CDK complex allows the cell to progress through each
phase of the cell cycle
-Locations of proteins Cyclins (D, E, A, B) and CDKs - --(G0-G1) :
Cyclin D and CDK 4/6
-Early S: Cyclin E and CDK 1/2
-Late S: Cyclin A and CDK 1/2
-G2: CDK 1/2 and cyclin A
Immunotherapy
Certificate/ 15 Questions and Answers/
Graded A+
Lesson 1: Foundations to Set the Stage - -
-Focusing on Cellular Structure and Function - -
-The Normal Cell Cycle - --The cell cycle refers to the ordered
seres of processes of DNA replication and mitosis, or cell division
-Cell nucleus regulates these processes by gathering and
processing complexes molecular information
-Interphase and Mitotic Phase - -Cell division produces two
identical cells through these two major phases
-During interphase: - -Cell grows and DNA is replicated through
the following three steps:
1: First growth phase (G1 or first gap)
2: Synthesis phase (S phase)
3:Mitotic Phse (M phase)
-First Growth Phase (G1 or first gap) - --cells increase in size
-reproduce RNA
-"quality assurance" test that the cell will be ready to synthesis
DNA
-Length of time is variable, can be from hours to days
-Synthesis Phase (S phase) - --DNA replicates
,-Results in the formation of identical pairs of DNA (chromatids)
-which are attached a t the centromere
-lasts 2-10 hours
-Mitotic Phase (M phase) - --Replicated chromosomes are aligned,
separated, and move into 2 new, identical daughter cells
-takes about 30-60 minutes
-Major points of cell regulation are entry and exit from - --G1
checkpoint
-S Phase
-G2 checkpoint
-M phase
-Restriction Point - --The transition from the resting phase into an
actively dividing phase (G0-G1) is a point where cellular
transformation can occur
-During this time, cells pass through a transition phase known as
a restriction point
-Extracellular growth factors trigger reentry into G1, and GF are
required to send the cells past the restriction point, or the point of
no return
-G0 Phase (resting phase) - --After mitosis, cells may enter back
into the G1 phase or go into a resting phase, known as G0
-Most cells in the human body reside in G0
--Exceptions to this are those that are (Resting in G0 phase) - --
Exceptions to this are those that are metabollically active, such as
, -granulocytes
-and the epithelium of the GI tract
-Cell Cycling Time - -Amount of time from mitosis to mitosis
-Cell cycle video and image -
-http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072495855/student_vie
w0/chapter2/animation__how_the_cell_cycle_works.html
-Check points in the Cell Cycle: Keeping it All Under Control - --
The cell cycle is carefully controlled through a series of
checkpoints
-Variation in duplication or distribution of chromosomes during
cell division can alter the genetic information passed on to
daughter cells, leading to cellular dysfunction and disease, such
as cancer
-These checkpoints monitor for DNA integrity and control
progression through mitosis
-Progression through the cell cycle is controlled through two
proteins: - -1. cyclines (D, E, A, B)
2. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)
-Cyclin-CDK complex allows the cell to progress through each
phase of the cell cycle
-Locations of proteins Cyclins (D, E, A, B) and CDKs - --(G0-G1) :
Cyclin D and CDK 4/6
-Early S: Cyclin E and CDK 1/2
-Late S: Cyclin A and CDK 1/2
-G2: CDK 1/2 and cyclin A
