OXFORD IB STUDY GUIDES
Andrew Allott
Biology
F O R T H E I B D I P LO M A
2014 edition
2
,3
Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, United Kingdom
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of
Oxford. It furthers the Universitys objective of excellence in
research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide.
Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in
the UK and in certain other countries
Oxford University Press 201 4
The moral rights of the authors have been asserted
First published in 201 4
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be
reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in
any form or by any means, without the prior permission in
writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted
by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate
reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning
reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to
the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address
above.
You must not circulate this work in any other form and you
must impose this same condition on any acquirer
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Data available
978-0-1 9-839351 -1
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Paper used in the production of this book is a natural,
recyclable product made from wood grown in sustainable
forests. The manufacturing process conforms to the
environmental regulations of the country of origin.
Printed in Great Britain
Acknowledgements
The publishers would like to thank the following for
permissions to use their photographs:
Artwork by OUP and Six Red Marbles
Cover image: Martin Harvey / Alamy p1: http://www.ncbi. SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY; p11: OUP; p11: Public Domain;
nlm.nih.gov; p1: OUP; p1: CreativeNature.nl/Shutterstock; p11: Dennis Degnan/CORBIS; p12: Public Domain; p12:
p1: Public Domain p1: Public Domain; p1: Nigel Cattlin/ STEVE GSCHMEISSNER/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY; p13: DAVID
Visuals Unlimited/Corbis; p1: OUP; p1: OUP; p1: ZEPHYR/ PARKER/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY; p15: OUP; p17: staticd/
SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY; p2: OUP; p2: Public Domain; p2: Wikipedia; p16: OUP; p16: M.I. WALKER/SCIENCE PHOTO
PR. PHILIPPE VAGO, ISM/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY; p2: Public LIBRARY; p16: SCIENCE PICTURES LTD/SCIENCE PHOTO
Domain; p2: Public Domain; p2: DR KEITH WHEELER/SCIENCE LIBRARY; p71: OUP; p71: OUP; p71: OUP; p71: OUP; p71:
PHOTO LIBRARY; p2: OUP; p2: OUP; p2: Public Domain; OUP; p71: OUP; p87: DR KEITH WHEELER/SCIENCE PHOTO
p3: SCI-COMM STUDIOS/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY; p3: DR LIBRARY; p100: OUP; p121: DR KEITH WHEELER/SCIENCE
JEREMY BURGESS/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY; p3: OUP; p3: DR PHOTO LIBRARY; p128: OUP; p128: OUP; p128: OUP; p145:
KEITH WHEELER/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY; p3: BIOPHOTO OUP; p145: DR P. MARAZZI/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY; p145:
ASSOCIATES/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY; p3: DR KEITH Sam Droege/Flickr; p165: Public Domain; p183: SUSUMU
WHEELER/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY; p3: NATIONAL LIBRARY NISHINAGA/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY.
OF MEDICINE/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY; p3: Bettmann/
Although we have made every effort to trace and contact all
CORBIS; p3: OUP; p3: BIOPHOTO ASSOCIATES/SCIENCE PHOTO
copyright holders before publication this has not been possible
LIBRARY; p3: MICROSCAPE/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY; p4:
in all cases. If notied, the publisher will rectify any errors or
http://myibsource.com; p4: Dr Graham Beards/Wikipedia; p4:
omissions at the earliest opportunity.
DR DAVID FURNESS, KEELE UNIVERSITY/SCIENCE PHOTO
LIBRARY; p4: ASTRID & HANNS-FRIEDER MICHLER/SCIENCE Any third party use of this publication is prohibited. Interested
PHOTO LIBRARY; p4: Michael Abbey/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY; parties should apply to the copyright holders indicated in each
p5: OUP; p5: The American Association for the Advancement case.
of Science; p5: OUP; p5: OUP; p5: THOMAS DEERINCK, NCMIR/
SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY; p6: MOREDUN ANIMAL HEALTH
LTD/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY; p6: OUP; p6: Jmol; p6: Jmol;
p6: Jmol; p6: Public Domain; p6: OUP; p6: http://www3.
nd.edu; p6: Dr. Michal Laurent, KULeuven, Belgium; p7: OUP;
p8: OUP; p8: OUP; p8: Public Domain; p8: Dr. Gladden Willis/
Getty Images; p8: Image Source/Getty Images; p9: OUP; p9:
OUP; p9: OUP; p9: Public Domain; p10: MEDICAL SCHOOL,
UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE/SIMON FRASER/
,Introduction and acknowledgements
th IB Biy P h b phivy vi i y vp hiq i bfi y, b
hi spb 2014 . thi b h b h h h h
i i p h i vi i i ii y. a hh i h piip
hp f h ii h hy qiy biy i i i h h
iy h yi h p. h h ppii. Biy h
a pi i Hih lv (Hl) s lv (sl) Biy i h i b h
v, ii pi. th pi v i hy i pi hi i. th IB
h q i h yb, b ihi pi Biy ii h p
h q b-pi h b ihy , iv ii i. th y ppii
h pi i. hi i Biy. ap h, ivi i
iz i i. livi i hh
tpi 16 pi i bh Hl sl.
h biph, ii h, ip.
tpi 711 ii pi i y Hl. H ivii hv ii ip, ii
opi ad b i Hl sl, ih x i pi i i p h biph i
Hl, p y p h -h biiviy.
h pi. P h h p, y I vy h hp h h hv iv
pi i i. i h ii hi b. e w ox
Pi qi i h pi pi. uiviy P hp, Ji th
a h qi iv, hh i hi py i. I ib y i ai
h y b b f h vi ! wii hi pp b i h
gi i iv i i y h h I hv p i. I i i
ppi f x. h h I i h b bii h
, h ivi v ivi i
th h v b ip xii i
hi hbi.
y biy. th p ppii
I n tr o d u c tI o n an d ac kn o wle d g e m e n ts iii
, Contents
1 cell BIologY Autosomal genetic diseases 43
Cell theory 1 Sex-linkage 44
Unicellular and multicellular organisms 2 Co-dominance 45
Stem cells 3 Mutation 46
Light microscopes and drawing skills 4 Genes and alleles 47
Electron microscopes and ultrastructure 5 Gene sequencing 48
Prokaryotic cells 6 DNA technology 49
Eukaryotic cells 7 DNA proling 50
Models o membrane structure 8 Genetic modication 51
Membrane structure 9 Cloning 52
Diusion and acilitated diusion 10 Questions genetics 53
Osmosis 11 4 ecologY
Active transport 12 Modes o nutrition 54
Origins o cells 13 Communities and ecosystems 55
Mitosis 14 Energy fow 56
Cell cycles and cancer 15 Food chains and energy pyramids 57
Questions cell biology 16 Nutrient cycles 58
2 molecular BIologY Carbon cycle 59
Molecules to metabolism 17 Global warming and the greenhouse eect 60
Water 18 Rising carbon dioxide concentrations 61
Water and lie 19 Questions ecology 62
Carbohydrates 20 5 eVolutIon and BIodIVersItY
Molecular visualization o polysaccharides 21 Introducing evolution 63
Lipids 22 Further evidence or evolution 64
Lipids and health 23 Natural selection 65
Amino acids and polypeptides 24 Natural selection in action 66
Protein structure and unction 25 Naming and identiying 67
Enzymes 26 Classication o biodiversity 68
Factors aecting enzyme activity 27 Classication o eukaryotes 69
Structure o DNA and RNA 28 Cladistics 70
DNA replication 29 Questions evolution and biodiversity 71
Transcription and translation 30
6 Human PHYsIologY
The genetic code 31 Digestion 72
Cell respiration 32 Absorption 73
Respirometers 33 The cardiovascular system 74
Photosynthesis 34 The heart 75
Investigating limiting actors 35 Deence against inectious disease 76
Chromatography 36 Antibodies and antibiotics 77
Questions molecular biology 37 Ventilation 78
3 genetIcs Gas exchange 79
Chromosomes 38 Neurons and synapses 80
Karyograms 39 Nerve impulses 81
Meiosis 40 Regulating blood glucose and body temperature 82
Meiosis and genetic variation 41 Leptin and melatonin 83
Principles o inheritance 42 Reproductive systems 84
iv co n te n ts
Andrew Allott
Biology
F O R T H E I B D I P LO M A
2014 edition
2
,3
Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, United Kingdom
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of
Oxford. It furthers the Universitys objective of excellence in
research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide.
Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in
the UK and in certain other countries
Oxford University Press 201 4
The moral rights of the authors have been asserted
First published in 201 4
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be
reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in
any form or by any means, without the prior permission in
writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted
by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate
reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning
reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to
the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address
above.
You must not circulate this work in any other form and you
must impose this same condition on any acquirer
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Data available
978-0-1 9-839351 -1
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Paper used in the production of this book is a natural,
recyclable product made from wood grown in sustainable
forests. The manufacturing process conforms to the
environmental regulations of the country of origin.
Printed in Great Britain
Acknowledgements
The publishers would like to thank the following for
permissions to use their photographs:
Artwork by OUP and Six Red Marbles
Cover image: Martin Harvey / Alamy p1: http://www.ncbi. SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY; p11: OUP; p11: Public Domain;
nlm.nih.gov; p1: OUP; p1: CreativeNature.nl/Shutterstock; p11: Dennis Degnan/CORBIS; p12: Public Domain; p12:
p1: Public Domain p1: Public Domain; p1: Nigel Cattlin/ STEVE GSCHMEISSNER/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY; p13: DAVID
Visuals Unlimited/Corbis; p1: OUP; p1: OUP; p1: ZEPHYR/ PARKER/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY; p15: OUP; p17: staticd/
SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY; p2: OUP; p2: Public Domain; p2: Wikipedia; p16: OUP; p16: M.I. WALKER/SCIENCE PHOTO
PR. PHILIPPE VAGO, ISM/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY; p2: Public LIBRARY; p16: SCIENCE PICTURES LTD/SCIENCE PHOTO
Domain; p2: Public Domain; p2: DR KEITH WHEELER/SCIENCE LIBRARY; p71: OUP; p71: OUP; p71: OUP; p71: OUP; p71:
PHOTO LIBRARY; p2: OUP; p2: OUP; p2: Public Domain; OUP; p71: OUP; p87: DR KEITH WHEELER/SCIENCE PHOTO
p3: SCI-COMM STUDIOS/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY; p3: DR LIBRARY; p100: OUP; p121: DR KEITH WHEELER/SCIENCE
JEREMY BURGESS/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY; p3: OUP; p3: DR PHOTO LIBRARY; p128: OUP; p128: OUP; p128: OUP; p145:
KEITH WHEELER/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY; p3: BIOPHOTO OUP; p145: DR P. MARAZZI/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY; p145:
ASSOCIATES/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY; p3: DR KEITH Sam Droege/Flickr; p165: Public Domain; p183: SUSUMU
WHEELER/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY; p3: NATIONAL LIBRARY NISHINAGA/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY.
OF MEDICINE/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY; p3: Bettmann/
Although we have made every effort to trace and contact all
CORBIS; p3: OUP; p3: BIOPHOTO ASSOCIATES/SCIENCE PHOTO
copyright holders before publication this has not been possible
LIBRARY; p3: MICROSCAPE/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY; p4:
in all cases. If notied, the publisher will rectify any errors or
http://myibsource.com; p4: Dr Graham Beards/Wikipedia; p4:
omissions at the earliest opportunity.
DR DAVID FURNESS, KEELE UNIVERSITY/SCIENCE PHOTO
LIBRARY; p4: ASTRID & HANNS-FRIEDER MICHLER/SCIENCE Any third party use of this publication is prohibited. Interested
PHOTO LIBRARY; p4: Michael Abbey/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY; parties should apply to the copyright holders indicated in each
p5: OUP; p5: The American Association for the Advancement case.
of Science; p5: OUP; p5: OUP; p5: THOMAS DEERINCK, NCMIR/
SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY; p6: MOREDUN ANIMAL HEALTH
LTD/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY; p6: OUP; p6: Jmol; p6: Jmol;
p6: Jmol; p6: Public Domain; p6: OUP; p6: http://www3.
nd.edu; p6: Dr. Michal Laurent, KULeuven, Belgium; p7: OUP;
p8: OUP; p8: OUP; p8: Public Domain; p8: Dr. Gladden Willis/
Getty Images; p8: Image Source/Getty Images; p9: OUP; p9:
OUP; p9: OUP; p9: Public Domain; p10: MEDICAL SCHOOL,
UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE/SIMON FRASER/
,Introduction and acknowledgements
th IB Biy P h b phivy vi i y vp hiq i bfi y, b
hi spb 2014 . thi b h b h h h h
i i p h i vi i i ii y. a hh i h piip
hp f h ii h hy qiy biy i i i h h
iy h yi h p. h h ppii. Biy h
a pi i Hih lv (Hl) s lv (sl) Biy i h i b h
v, ii pi. th pi v i hy i pi hi i. th IB
h q i h yb, b ihi pi Biy ii h p
h q b-pi h b ihy , iv ii i. th y ppii
h pi i. hi i Biy. ap h, ivi i
iz i i. livi i hh
tpi 16 pi i bh Hl sl.
h biph, ii h, ip.
tpi 711 ii pi i y Hl. H ivii hv ii ip, ii
opi ad b i Hl sl, ih x i pi i i p h biph i
Hl, p y p h -h biiviy.
h pi. P h h p, y I vy h hp h h hv iv
pi i i. i h ii hi b. e w ox
Pi qi i h pi pi. uiviy P hp, Ji th
a h qi iv, hh i hi py i. I ib y i ai
h y b b f h vi ! wii hi pp b i h
gi i iv i i y h h I hv p i. I i i
ppi f x. h h I i h b bii h
, h ivi v ivi i
th h v b ip xii i
hi hbi.
y biy. th p ppii
I n tr o d u c tI o n an d ac kn o wle d g e m e n ts iii
, Contents
1 cell BIologY Autosomal genetic diseases 43
Cell theory 1 Sex-linkage 44
Unicellular and multicellular organisms 2 Co-dominance 45
Stem cells 3 Mutation 46
Light microscopes and drawing skills 4 Genes and alleles 47
Electron microscopes and ultrastructure 5 Gene sequencing 48
Prokaryotic cells 6 DNA technology 49
Eukaryotic cells 7 DNA proling 50
Models o membrane structure 8 Genetic modication 51
Membrane structure 9 Cloning 52
Diusion and acilitated diusion 10 Questions genetics 53
Osmosis 11 4 ecologY
Active transport 12 Modes o nutrition 54
Origins o cells 13 Communities and ecosystems 55
Mitosis 14 Energy fow 56
Cell cycles and cancer 15 Food chains and energy pyramids 57
Questions cell biology 16 Nutrient cycles 58
2 molecular BIologY Carbon cycle 59
Molecules to metabolism 17 Global warming and the greenhouse eect 60
Water 18 Rising carbon dioxide concentrations 61
Water and lie 19 Questions ecology 62
Carbohydrates 20 5 eVolutIon and BIodIVersItY
Molecular visualization o polysaccharides 21 Introducing evolution 63
Lipids 22 Further evidence or evolution 64
Lipids and health 23 Natural selection 65
Amino acids and polypeptides 24 Natural selection in action 66
Protein structure and unction 25 Naming and identiying 67
Enzymes 26 Classication o biodiversity 68
Factors aecting enzyme activity 27 Classication o eukaryotes 69
Structure o DNA and RNA 28 Cladistics 70
DNA replication 29 Questions evolution and biodiversity 71
Transcription and translation 30
6 Human PHYsIologY
The genetic code 31 Digestion 72
Cell respiration 32 Absorption 73
Respirometers 33 The cardiovascular system 74
Photosynthesis 34 The heart 75
Investigating limiting actors 35 Deence against inectious disease 76
Chromatography 36 Antibodies and antibiotics 77
Questions molecular biology 37 Ventilation 78
3 genetIcs Gas exchange 79
Chromosomes 38 Neurons and synapses 80
Karyograms 39 Nerve impulses 81
Meiosis 40 Regulating blood glucose and body temperature 82
Meiosis and genetic variation 41 Leptin and melatonin 83
Principles o inheritance 42 Reproductive systems 84
iv co n te n ts
