Medical-Surgery Cardiology

Medical-Surgery Cardiology Stroke volume - Answer- This is the amount of blood that is ejected by the heart each time it contracts Cardiac output - Answer- This is the amount of blood that is pumped in one minute Stroke volume x heart rate = cardiac output - Answer- This is the calculation for cardiac output 4-8 liters - Answer- This is the normal cardiac output in a minute Preload Afterload Contractility Heart rate - Answer- Cardiac output is determined by this Preload - Answer- This is the end diastolic volume The greater the stretch, the greater the force of contraction - Answer- This is the Frank-starling law If the stretch is too great, the contractility will decrease - Answer- The exception to the Frank-starling law Fluid overload Left ventricular failure Mitral/tricuspid insufficiency - Answer- Causes of high preload Diuretics Nitrates - Answer- Treatments for high preload Hypovolemia Tricuspid/mitral stenosis - Answer- Causes of low preload Fluids Vasoconstrictors (vasopressors) - Answer- Treatment for low preload Afterload - Answer- This is the resistance to blood leaving the heart Vasoconstrictors Atherosclerosis HTN Aortic stenosis Increased pleural pressure - Answer- Causes of high afterload Vasodilators - Answer- Treatment of high afterload Problems with cardiac output - Answer- Low afterload is usually due to this Vasodilators Antihypertensives - Answer- Causes of low afterload Vasoconstrictors - Answer- Treatment for low afterload Contractility - Answer- This is squeezing and is independent of preload and afterload Inotropes Sympathomimetics - Answer- Causes of increased contractility Digoxin Milrinone (Primacor) - Answer- Types of inotropes Milrinone - Answer- This inotrope is used for patients who just had a heart attack Mean Arterial Pressure - Answer- MAP is this Brain and kidneys - Answer- Theses are the first organs to fail with a low MAP More than 65 - Answer- This is the normal MAP (Systolic x 2 Diastolic)/3 - Answer- Calculation for MAP Systolic Diastolic Mixed - Answer- Types of heart failure Poor pump - Answer- Systolic heart failure is due to this Poor relaxation/filling - Answer- Diastolic heart failure is due to this CAD HTN MI - Answer- Primary causes of heart failure Anemia Infection Pulmonary embolism Hypothyroidism - Answer- Secondary causes of heart failure Ejection fraction - Answer- Labs for heart failure 55-65% - Answer- Normal ejection fraction Left ventricular dysfunction Right ventricular dysfunction - Answer- Etiology of heart failure Pulmonary edema - Answer- Signs and symptoms of acute heart failure