Medical Surgery Hematology Complete Examination

Medical Surgery Hematology 1 Bone Marrow - Answer- Soft material that fills the central core of Bones. Two types- Yellow(adipose)/Red(hematopoietic). Red marrow - Answer- Hematopoiesis occurs here. Actively produces blood cells developed from stem cells, produces three types of cells- RBC(erythrocytes), WBC(leukocytes) & platelets(thrombocytes). In adults found in flat regular bones. 3 critical functions of blood - Answer- ~Transport o2 ~Regulates pH balance- electrolytes/temp/maintenance of oncotic pressure ~Protects blood coagulation Nurses must evaluate patients ability to? (Assess baseline) - Answer- ~Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide (vitals) ~coagulate ~infection ~intravascular volume Consistency of blood - Answer- 45% blood cells (platelets, leukocytes, erythrocytes) 55% plasma Erythrocytes - Answer- Transport O2 & CO2 (hemoglobin/oxyhemoglobin) maintain pH balance flexible cells with thin membranes, easily pass through capillaries for diffusion of gases Erythropoiesis - Answer- Production of red blood cells, regulated by cellular oxygen requirements, stimulated by hypoxia affected by endocrine hormones. What stimulates erythropoiesis? - Answer- Hypoxemia (low oxygen in blood) If the red blood cell count is low or if red blood cells are carrying insufficient oxygen , erythropoietin is released from kidneys and stimulates the marrow to produce and release red blood cells Dehydration causes hematocrit to..? - Answer- Go up. During dehydration, hematocrit goes up because the amount of RBC does not change just the total volume. Reticulocytes - Answer- -Immature RBC, may be released in acute situations -Count measures adequacy of RBC production -Mature in 48 hours -reticulate count high after blood loss! What stimulates the production of RBCs? - Answer- Hypoxia People with B12 or folic acid deficiency have problems with..? - Answer- Erythropoiesis. Nutrients are necessary for erythropoiesis. Hemolysis - Answer- Destruction of RBC's by monocytes and macrophages Occur in marrow, spleen and liver Removes abnormal, defective, damaged, old RBC Red blood cells live up to 120 days Bilirubin - Answer- Byproduct of RBC destruction Discarded through liver, feces Abnormal bilirubin= jaundice, itchy, dark urine, dark stool Rbc's traveled the body to.. - Answer- Deliver oxygen and remove waste Heme converts to..? - Answer- Bilirubin. Too much heme= too much bilirubin Hemoglobin range M & F - Answer- Male: 14-18 Female: 12-16 Hematocrit range M & F - Answer- Male: 42-52% Female 37-47% (3x Hgb) RBC range M & F - Answer- Male: 4.6-5.9 Female: 4.2-5.4 Hematocrit in dehydration/overhydration - Answer- Dehydration= increase in hematocrit Over hydration= decrease in hematocrit RBC, Hgb, HCT- DECREASE in - Answer- Blood loss, over hydration, malnutrition, anemia, renal failure, bone marrow depression. Normal Hgb measures..? - Answer- Measures gas carrying capacity of RBC Hematocrit is a measurement of...? - Answer- USUALLY 3x the Hgb if person is hydrated. -Measurement of packed cell volume of RBC expressed in percentage of total blood volume, this includes plasma. MCV - Answer- Mean corpuscular volume: measures size of red blood cell Three Kinds of Leukoycytes (WBC's) - Answer- 1) Granulocytes (polymorphonucleocytes) or PMNs 2) Monocytes 3) Lymphocytes Agranulocytes -