Praxis 5362 - English to Speakers of Other Languages Already Passed

Praxis 5362 - English to Speakers of Other Languages Already Passed phonetics the study of the production of sounds in speech phonology the sounds and patterns of particular languages intonation the way the voice rises and falls in speech stress emphasis placed on syllables or words linguistics the scientific study of language morpheme the smallest unit of meaning in a language morphology the study of how morphemes are combined to make words syntax how words are constructed into phrases or sentences semantics the study of meaning in language transcription a way to visually represent sounds IPA International Phonetic Alphabet International Phonetic Alphabet the best-known transcription system voiced sounds sounds made by vibrating the vocal chords voiceless sounds sounds made without vibrating the vocal chords place of articulation the point where two speech organs come together to make a sound labial sound place of articulation is where top and bottom lips come together nasalization A ___________________ is a sound in which air comes through the nose when making a sound such as /n/ aspiration ___________________ is a sound is made with a burst of air out of the mouth as in the /h/ in hope assimilation ___________________ is when a speech sound changes due to the influence of nearby sounds diphthong A ___________________ is a sound where one vowel sound blends into another vowel sound in one syllable consonant clusters ___________________ ___________________ are groups of two or more consonants (as in /pl/ in place or /nt/ in bent and /sp/ in whisper) - these pose a challenge since learners must know not only the sounds made by the individual letters but also the unique sounds formed by their pairs epenthesis A/an ___________________ is a learner's attempt to approach consonant clusters by pronouncing both letters and inserting a vowel sound in between them, saying "pug-lace" for place, for example intonation ___________________ is the way the voice rises & falls in speech; intonation is related to pitch, as in the way an English speaker's voice rises at the end of a question as opposed to a statement. stress the emphasis placed on particular syllables or words vowel reduction the shortening or diminishing of a vowel sound, occurs with many unstressed vowels in English - the most common example is the replacement of a vowel with the schwa sound as in hundred, again, & amazing morphology the study of word forms & their component parts word the smallest unit of language that can stand on its own morpheme the smallest unit of meaning in a language bound morpheme a morpheme that must be attached to