PRAXIS 5362 Latest Update with Certified Solutions

PRAXIS 5362 Latest Update with Certified Solutions Phonology the way in which speech sounds form patterns International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) marks minute distinctions in sound represented by a set of symbols divided by monophthong vowels, diphthong vowels, and consonants. Narrow Transcriptions transcriptions that are used to distinguish between languages, accents, and individual speakers Monophthongs one vowel sound in a syllable example: /i:/ /e/ Diphthongs a complex speech sound or glide that begins with one vowel and gradually changes to another vowel within the same syllable voiced sound sound with vocal chord vibration voiceless sound do not use the vocal chords to produce sound alveolar a speech sound that is made with the tip of the tongue touching the roof of the mouth near the front teeth examples: /t/ & /d/ bilabial sound formed by closure or near closure of the lips example /b/ & /p/ plosive (stop consonant) denoting a consonant that is produced by stopping the airflow using the lips, teeth, or palate, followed by a sudden release of les: /p/ /k/ /t/ fricative denoting a type of consonant made by the friction of breath in a narrow opening, producing a turbulent air flow examples: /f/ /th/ phonemes the smallest unit of sound that affects meaning, distinguishing two words pitch determines the context or meaning or words or series of words stress can occur at word or sentence level, can modify the meaning or both homonyms a general term used to describe word forms that have two or more meanings (can - to be able; can - a container) homographs two or more words that have the same spelling or pronunciation but different meanings (stalk - part of a plant; stalk - to follow) homophones two or more words that have the same pronunciation but different meanings and spelling (wood/would, cite/sight) heteronyms two or more words that have the same spelling but have a different pronunciation and meaning (Polish, polish) Minimal Pair pairs of words that differ in only one phonological element Assimilation (phonology) refers to a phoneme that begins to sound similar to nearby sound Elision omission of a sound between two words (are going, are pronounced as schwa) Affricative a complex speech sound consisting of a stop consonant followed by a fricative (child, joy) Reduction shortening production of words (gimme, lemme) Three branches of phonetics articulatory, acoustic, auditory Articulatory Phonetics (oldest branch) investigates the way in which sounds are produced Acoustic Phonetics studies the "waveform" of speech, the way it is transmitted Auditory Phonetics studies how sounds are perceived Experimental Phonetics concerns the manipulation of the waveform and tests to identify which aspects of sound are necessary for understanding. Draws from all three branches. Morpheme smallest unit of language with meaning Root Word/ Base Word where the actual meaning is determined