Psychology 120 Final Exam Questions With Complete Solutions

Common Sense Theory of Emotion correct answer: we cry because we're sad, blush because we're embarrassed, tremble because we're afraid Lay Theory correct answer: personal theory that one has that does not have to be scientifically backed James-Lange Theory of Emotion correct answer: said that the stimulus triggered bodily responses which triggered the emotional experience; we are sad because we cry, we are embarrassed because we blush, we are afraid because we tremble Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion correct answer: Stimulus information goes to thalamus, which then simultaneously triggers bodily responses and conscious experience; stimulus -- thalamus -- bodily response & conscious experience Schacter-Singer Two Factor Theory of Emotion correct answer: stimulus -- bodily response-- appraisal-- experience Confederate correct answer: a person who is acting a role in the study Amygalda correct answer: thalamus sends signals to this part of brain, which is most sensitive to stimuli that signal danger high road correct answer: Route from Thalamus to your visual cortex Circumplex Model of Emotion (Russell) correct answer: All emotions can be described with 2 dimensions-- Valence & Arousal Valence correct answer: Horizontal- positive (pleasant) or negative (unpleasant) Arousal correct answer: Vertical- arousing (intense) or calming (mild) If there was a 3rd dimension of emotion, what would it be? correct answer: Approach vs. Avoidance Appraisal Theory (Ellsworth, Lazarus) correct answer: Strongly elaborated on the various appraisals that people make about situations and how these appraisals determine type of emotion experienced; Situation-- Valence (positive or negative)--Certainty (either on the positive or negative side)--Emotion (joy, anticipation, sadness, anxiety) Yerkes- Dachshund law correct answer: talks about tasks that are easy to do and that these are performed best at high levels of arousal;easy tasks are performed best at high levels of arousal; difficult tasks are performed best at low levels of arousal Polygraph correct answer: Machine commonly used to detect lies by measuring several physiological responses accompanying an emotion (blood pressure, heart rate, perspiration, and breathing) Control Question vs. Relevant Question correct answer: control- Have you ever stolen money? relevant- Did you steal $100 from work last Thursday? Control Relevant = lie Event Related Potential (ERP) correct answer: electrical impulse that is related to some event that occurs in the brain; occurs in the parietal lobe P300 ERP correct answer: positive ERP that occurs 300 ms after an event; one event that produces this P300 response is when you have seen somebody before but you don't really know them but you still recognize them Duchenne vs. Fake Smiles correct answer: Duchenne= real, genuine smiles that use all the muscles in the face- you can see crows feet by eyes & streaks underneath eyes Fake Smile= only uses mouth, eyes are not involved in the smile Happiness correct answer: Subjective well being; people who put a significant value on money tend not to be as happy as people who value relationships 2 types of social comparisons correct answer: Upward & Downward Upward social comparison correct answer: comparing yourself to people who are doing better than you; generally, make you feel worse about your current state Downward social comparison correct answer: comparing yourself to people who are worse than you; generally, make you feel better about your current state Counterfactual thinking correct answer: comparing ourselves to alternate realities of ourselves; "what might have been" the 4 D's correct answer: deviance, dysfunction, distress, danger DSM correct answer: a syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognitive emotion regulation or behavior that reflects a dysfunction in the psychological, biological, or developmental process underlying one of these things deviance correct answer: people with IQ levels lower than 70 are typically labeled as having an Intellectual Disability dysfunction correct answer: Psychological disorders cause people not to function well; problems with adaptive behavior distress correct answer: upsets the person with the disorder; upsets friends/family danger correct answer: dangerous to the person with the disorder and those around them APD (Antisocial Personality Disorder) correct answer: Factor 1- selfish, callous, remorseless Factor 2- Irresponsible, impulsive, lack of self-control Biopsychosocial model correct answer: mental illness is the combined product of biological, sociological, and psychologicalforces o Biological: genes, hormones o Sociological: Culture, family o Psychological: perception, sensitivity Diathesis-stress model correct answer: deals with how disorders arise; diathesis-vulnerability ICD-10 correct answer: large classification system of all known psychological disorders; In order to make an accurate diagnosis you have to make a differential diagnosis: distinguishing one disorder from others that present similar symptoms Schizophrenia correct answer: -coined by Eugen Bleuler: means split mind - severe brain disorder that affects thinking, perceptions, and behavior Delusion correct answer: false belief Hallucination correct answer: false perception persecutory correct answer: belief that you are being targeted or followed (most common) referential correct answer: belief that the person on the television is talking to you, or that song lyrics are about you grandiose correct answer: belief that they are a popular celebrity or a powerful political figure religious correct answer: belief that you have been given special powers by God somatic correct answer: false beliefs that you are suffering from a physical condition control correct answer: beliefs that your thoughts have been invaded Catatonia correct answer: positive symptom that has a bizarre look to it;Purposeless, stereotyped (repetitive) behavior; extreme rigidity Causes of Schizophrenia correct answer: -not fully understood -strong genetic component flat affect correct answer: Unchanging facial expressions, lack of vocal inflection, emotionally unresponsive, inappropriate affect algoia correct answer: Poverty of speech, poverty of content, takes a long time to verbally respond, blocking (train of thought gets blocked mid sentence) avolition correct answer: Poor grooming, social withdrawal/isolation, lack of motivation to pursue goals Narcissistic Personality Disorder correct answer: Pervasive pattern of grandiosity (in fantasy or behavior), need for admiration, lack of empathy, sense of superiority and entitlement; often puts patient at odds with other people grandiose narcissism correct answer: dominant, self-assured, outgoing, grandiosity reflects true feelings about self Vulnerable narcissism correct answer: defensive, insecure, inhibited, grandiosity masks feeling of inadequacy/ incompetence wounded child theories correct answer: develops when children are rejected, controlled, or otherwise psychologically wounded by their parents Inflated child theories correct answer: develops when children are overvalued and overindulged by their parents social psychology (3 definitions) correct answer: the study of how people's thoughts, feelings and behaviors are influenced by other people, real or imagined the study of how, when, and why completely normal people think and behave in ways that appear very abnormal The study of normal thoughts and behaviors sunk cost correct answer: unrecoverable cost (time, money) that has been incurred in the process of doing something compliance correct answer: doing what someone else wants you to do obedience correct answer: a type of compliance where the other person is an authority figure Attribution Theory (2 types) correct answer: internal/external dispositional attribution correct answer: internal attribution--something within the person that we observe (their personality) sitiuational attribution correct answer: external attribution-- caused by something outside the person that we observe (their situation) fundamental attribution error correct answer: People have a strong tendency toward making dispositional attributions about other people's behavior exceptions to FAE correct answer: • FAE only applies to people living in individualistic cultures (cultures that emphasize the "me" rather than the "we") • FAE only applies to attributions made for other people's behaviors (not our own). Theory of Cognitive Dissonance correct answer: -involves both a feeling and an event -occurs when there is a logical inconsistency between a belief or attitude and a behavior Post-Decisional Dissonance correct answer: -most likely to occur when decision is difficult -possibility that bad decisions were made Effort Justification correct answer: • People tend to place greater value on things they had to expend a lot of effort/resources to acquire or achieve. Foot-In-The-Door correct answer: First, ask for something small (setup request) then ask for something bigger (target request). Door In The Face correct answer: First, ask for something big (setup request) then ask for something smaller (target request). Low Ball correct answer: 1. Get person to agree to a very attractive offer 2. Add costs to offer Bait & Switch correct answer: 1. Advertise a very attractive offer (bait) 2. Customers come in looking for offer 3. Inform customers that offer no longer available; make new, less attractive, offer (switch) (Illegal in US) Reciprocity correct answer: • Norm of reciprocity: Universal rule of "if you do something for me, I'll do something for you. Milgram Shock Obedience Theory correct answer: "The social psychology of this century reveals a major lesson: often it is not so much the kind of person a man is as the kind of situation in which he finds himself that determines how he will act."