PSY 120 Final Exam| 132 Questions| With Complete Solutions

General Adaption Syndrome correct answer: alarm reaction, resistance, exhaustion progressive muscle relaxation correct answer: a technique of learning to relax by focusing on relaxing each of the body's muscle groups in turn autogenic relaxation correct answer: Focus on directing blood flow toward tense muscle groups primary prevention correct answer: eliminate problem before it begins secondary prevention correct answer: early identification of disease/risk factors tertiary prevention correct answer: handle/contain an illness or habit once its been acquired aversion therapies correct answer: replace positive associations with negative associations humanistic therapies correct answer: treatments designed to help clients gain insight into their fundamental self-worth and value as human beings generalized anxiety disorder correct answer: excessive worrying or free-floating anxiety; not attributed to a single source phobic disorder correct answer: a highly focused fear of a specific object or situation obsessive compulsive disorder correct answer: An anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsession) and/ or actions (compulsions). major depression correct answer: a disorder characterized by severe negative moods or a lack of interest in normally pleasurable activities over a long period of time insight therapies correct answer: therapies in which the main goal is helping people to gain insight to contents of their thought processes behavioral therapies correct answer: treatments designed to change behavior through the use of established learning techniques dopamine antagonists correct answer: blocks or slows down the use of dopamine in the brain (ex. chlorpromazine) antidepressants correct answer: a class of psychotropic medications used for the treatment of depression (SSRI's stop reuptake of serotonin) rational emotive therapy correct answer: A form of cognitive therapy in which the therapist acts as a kind of cross-examiner, verbally assaulting the client's irrational thought processes. elaboration likelihood model correct answer: theory identifying two ways to persuade: a central route (motivated) and a peripheral route (unmotivated) the bystander effect correct answer: reluctance to come to the aid of a person in need when other people are around social loafing correct answer: the tendency for people to put less effort into a simple task when working with others on that task conformity correct answer: adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard medical model of abnormal behavior correct answer: the view that abnormal behavior is symptomatic of an underlying "disease," which can be "cured" with the appropriate therapy. stereotypes correct answer: a generalized belief about a group of people self-fulfilling prophecy correct answer: the tendency for people to behave as they are expected to behave covariation model of attribution correct answer: consistency, distinctiveness, consensus fundamental attribution error correct answer: the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition actor-observer effect correct answer: the tendency to make situational attributions for our own behaviors while making dispositional attributions for the identical behavior of others two-factor theory of emotion correct answer: the idea that emotional experience is the result of a two-step self-perception process in which people first experience physiological arousal and then seek an appropriate explanation for it big 5 model of personality correct answer: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism psychodynamic approach correct answer: an approach to psychology emphasizing unconscious thought, the conflict between biological drives (such as the drive for sex) and society's demands, and early childhood family experiences. projection correct answer: people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others reaction formation correct answer: people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings. sublimination correct answer: unacceptable impulses are channeled into socially acceptable activity social-cognitive approach correct answer: an approach that views personality in terms of how the person thinks about the situations encountered in daily life and behaves in response to them nature vs nurture correct answer: name for a controversy in which it is debated whether genetics or environment is responsible for driving behavior (nature vs nurture) intrinsic motivation correct answer: self-motivated behavior extrinsic motivation correct answer: a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment mallows hierarchy of needs correct answer: physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self-actualization bulimia nervosa correct answer: an eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by purging master and johnsons phases of sexual arousal correct answer: excitement, plateau, orgasmic, resolution sexual scripts correct answer: sets of implicit rules that specify proper sexual behavior for a person in a given situation, varying with the person's gender, age, religion, social status, and peer group howard garners multiple intelligences correct answer: naturalist, linguistic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, bodily-kinesthetic, spatial, logical/mathematical, musical crystallized intelligence correct answer: acquired knowledge and ability fluid intelligence correct answer: the natural ability to solve problems, reason, and remember availability heuristic correct answer: the tendency to estimate the likelihood that an event will occur by how easily instances of it come to mind representativeness heuristic correct answer: judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes belief persistence correct answer: tendency to cling to initial beliefs even when confronted with disconfirming evidence confirmation bias correct answer: a tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions heuristics correct answer: Mental shortcuts or "rules of thumb" that often lead to a solution (but not always). algorithms correct answer: very specific, step-by-step procedures for solving certain types of problems exemplar view correct answer: no single prototype but rather multiple examples convey what the concept represents prototype view correct answer: the best or most representative member of a category levels for category hierarchies correct answer: subordinate, basic, superordinate categories correct answer: allow us to infer invisible properties about objects phonology correct answer: sounds - words syntax correct answer: words - sentences semantics correct answer: rules used to communicate meaning thinking correct answer: the processes that underlie the mental manipulation of knowledge, usually in an attempt to reach a goal or solve a problem psychology correct answer: the scientific study of behavior and mind clinical psychologist correct answer: a psychologist who diagnoses and treats people with emotional disturbances psychiatrist correct answer: a medical doctor who has specialized in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders structuralism correct answer: Wundt and Titchener; used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind, broken down into basic parts; immediate conscious experience functionalism correct answer: early school of thought promoted by James and influenced by Darwin; explored how mental and behavioral processes function- how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish behaviorism correct answer: threw out idea of immediate conscious experience humanistic psychology correct answer: an approach to understanding human nature that emphasizes the positive potential of human beings psychoanalysis correct answer: Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions reactivity correct answer: a behavior change that occurs when one becomes aware of being observed external validity correct answer: extent to which we can generalize findings to real-world settings naturalistic observation correct answer: observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation observational studies correct answer: self reports and case studies experimental methods correct answer: IV- changed variable; DV- observed behavior confounding variables correct answer: a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment mylein sheath correct answer: protects axon & transfers messages faster cell body (soma) correct answer: the part of a neuron that coordinates information-processing tasks and keeps the cell alive synaptic gap correct answer: The tiny space between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrite of an adjoining neuron resting potential correct answer: electrical charge across the cell membrane of a resting neuron (-60 to -70 mv) action potential correct answer: the all-or-none electrical signal that travels down a neuron's axon forebrain correct answer: thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, and cerebrum. formation of memories and motivational/emotional behaviors hindbrain correct answer: medulla, pons, cerebellum breathing and blood flow midbrain correct answer: nervous system, vision, hearing, motor skills tegmenjtum recticular formation correct answer: a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal substansia nigra correct answer: eye movement, learning, addiction thalamus correct answer: the brain's sensory switchboard, input of sense hypothalamus correct answer: directs eating, drinking, body temperature; helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion frontal lobe correct answer: associated with reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement, emotions, and problem solving parietal lobe correct answer: receives sensory input for touch and body position temporal lobe correct answer: hearing and interpreting language occipital lobe correct answer: visual processing prenatal development correct answer: 1. Germinal Period (0-2 weeks) 2. Embryonic Period (2-8 weeks) 3. Fetal Period (9 weeks - birth) motor milestones correct answer: raising head, rolling over, sitting up, crawling, walking infant vision correct answer: blurry, lack of color sensory memory correct answer: iconic and echoic short-term memory correct answer: activated memory that holds a few items briefly long-term memory correct answer: the relatively permanent storage of information procedural memory correct answer: knowledge about how to do things, such as riding a bike or swinging a golf club rehersal correct answer: the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage chunking correct answer: organizing items into familiar, manageable units piagets stages correct answer: sensorimotor (0-2 yrs), preoperational (2-7 yrs), concrete operational (7-12 yrs), formal operational (12+ yrs) assimilation correct answer: interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas accomidation correct answer: adapting one's current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information object permanence correct answer: the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived Kubler-Ross stages of dying correct answer: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance trichromatic theory correct answer: theory of color vision that proposes three types of cones: red, blue, and green opponent-process theory correct answer: the theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision. For example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red; others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green bottom-up processing correct answer: analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information top-down processing correct answer: the use of preexisting knowledge to organize individual features into a unified whole Gestalt correct answer: an organized whole that is perceived as more than the sum of its parts. frequency theory correct answer: in hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch stages of sleep correct answer: N1, N2, N3, N4, REM REM correct answer: describes sleep in which vivid dreams typically occur; this type of sleep increases as the night progresses while stage 4 sleep decreases how long does rem last correct answer: 10 minutes manifest correct answer: what dream consisted of latent content correct answer: the underlying meaning of a dream dyssomnias correct answer: insomnia, narcolepsy, hypersomnia parasomnias correct answer: abnormal behaviors such as nightmares or sleepwalking that occur during sleep classical conditioning correct answer: a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events operant conditioning correct answer: Learning based on the consequences of responding. law of effect correct answer: behaviors which have positive outcomes tend to be repeated Reinforcement correct answer: any event that strengthens the behavior it follows punishment correct answer: an event that decreases the behavior that it follows elaboration correct answer: linking a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding flashbulb memory correct answer: a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event proactive interference correct answer: old memories interfere with formation of new memories retroactive interference correct answer: formation of new memories hurts recovery of old memories serial position effect correct answer: our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list memory savings test correct answer: detects weak memories by comparing the speed of original learning to the speed of relearning recognition correct answer: a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test cued recall correct answer: a testing condition in which people are given an explicit retrieval cue to help them remember fixed-ratio schedule correct answer: a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses fixed-interval schedule correct answer: a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed variable-interval schedule correct answer: a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals variable-ratio schedule correct answer: a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses