PSY 120 Purdue EXAM III Questions With Complete Solutions

Cognitive Process correct answer: Mental manipulation of knowledge and ideas Language correct answer: System of communication (written or spoken) Defining Characteristic of Language correct answer: Grammar Grammar correct answer: Set of rules governing how symbols can be combined to convey meaning Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis correct answer: Perception of reality is shaped by the language used, and language is shaped by the culture and environment How do children learn languages? correct answer: Language Acquisition-picking up language through natural exposure and observation How do adults learn languages? correct answer: Language Learning- direct instruction and conscious memorization of rules and vocab Do non-human animals have language? correct answer: Many communicate but unclear whether its language, i.e. monkeys can use sign language, dolphins have indvidual names 3 reasons that suggest that language is an adaptation correct answer: 1. Specific regions of the brain process language 2. Children acquire language without being taught 3. Human vocal and ear anatomy ideal for speech Problem-Solving correct answer: Process of finding solutions to accomplish a goal Decision-Making correct answer: Thought processes involved in evaluating and choosing from among a set of alternatives Strategy correct answer: Knowing how to use relevant information Functional Fixedness correct answer: Tendency to see objects and their functions in certain fixed, typical ways Algorithms correct answer: Step-by-step rules or procedures that guarantee a solution Pros of Algorithms correct answer: Useful for simple well-defined problems Cons of Algorithms correct answer: 1. Time consuming 2. inefficient 3. Not suitable for some problems Heuristics correct answer: "Rules of thumb" used to solve problems Pros of Heuristics correct answer: Save time Cons of Heuristics correct answer: 1. Less systematic than algorithms 2. Vulnerable to errors and biases 3. Not guaranteed a solution Means-End Analysis correct answer: Heuristic that involves identifying actions ("means") that reduce the distance between starting point and desired goal ("end") Working backward correct answer: Heuristic that involves starting at the goal and moving backward to the starting point Insight correct answer: an "Aha/Eureka" moment Incubation effect correct answer: Stop working on a problem for a while then come back to it Evaluating correct answer: Choosing between alternatives 4 Ways of Mis-Evaluating correct answer: 1. Framing 2. Confirmation Bias 3. Representatives heuristic 4. Availability Heuristic Framing correct answer: the way alternatives in a decision-making situation are structured Confirmation Bias correct answer: Tendency to seek out and use information that supports existing decisions or beliefs Representatives heuristic correct answer: Tendency to classify information (and make decisions) based on similarity to a typical case Availability Heuristic correct answer: Tendency to base decisions on how easily examples come to mind Intelligence correct answer: Ability to solve problems that are unique to a person's environment 6 Theories/ways of Conceptualizing Intelligence correct answer: 1.Galton's Psychometric View 2. Spearman's two-factor theory 3. Thurnstone's seven-factor theory 4. Hierarchical Model 5. Gardner's Multiple Intelligence 6. Sternberg's triarchic theory Galton's Psychometric View correct answer: measure and understand intelligence using performance on mental tests Spearman's two-factor theory correct answer: 1. General intelligence (g) as single underlying factor 2. Specific intelligence (s) accounts for differences Thurnstone's seven-factor theory correct answer: there is no single general intelligence factor; Evidence for seven independent factors Modern Hierarchical Model correct answer: 1. Spearman/Thurstone compromise 2. Underlying general intelligence factor, but subfactors also exist 3. General Intelligence comprises both fluid and crystallized intelligence Gardner's Multiple Intelligence theory correct answer: Multiple intelligences, 8+ types; based on case studies Sternberg's triarchic theory correct answer: 1. Analytical Intelligence 2. Creative Intelligence 3. Practical Intelligence Fluid Intelligence correct answer: Ability to reason abstractly, solve problems (innate, based on, biology) Crystallized Intelligence correct answer: Learned knowledge and abilities ( Based on experience: education, culture) How IQ is calculated correct answer: IQ = [mental age ÷ chronological age] x 100 Reason why IQ was Developed correct answer: Purpose was to identify and help students who would have a difficult time in school Characteristics of High IQ correct answer: Intellectually "gifted", emotionally stable, successful relationships, tend to have fewer psychological problems Characteristics of Low IQ correct answer: Indicates an intellectual disability, maybe by genetic conditions or environmental factors Sources of IQ correct answer: 1. nature of someone i.e, dna, brain chemistry 2. environment Explain Racial Differences in IQ correct answer: 1. Economic differences - nutrition, education access 2. Test bias - some tests are not "culture-fair" 3. Stereotype threat - performance anxiety Motivation correct answer: set of factors that initiate and direct behavior, usually toward some goal Instincts correct answer: unlearned behaviors that are controlled by specific triggering stimuli in the environment Drive correct answer: Psychological states that arise in response to internal physiological needs External Force of Motivation correct answer: External factors (outside the individual) that have a "pulling" effect on our actions Internal Force of Motivation correct answer: Internal factors that motivate goal-directed behavior; individual is self-motivated to act Maslow's hierarchy of needs correct answer: We must satisfy more basic needs (physiological, safety) before "higher" needs (love, esteem) 3 External factors that motivate sexual behavior correct answer: 1. Visual stimuli 2. Physical touch 3. Smell Visual Stimuli correct answer: pornography, attractive people Physical Touch correct answer: erogenous zones Smell correct answer: pheromones Gender differences motivating mate selection correct answer: Based in biological investments, risk; - low investment activity b. women- high investment activity 3 core components of emotion correct answer: 1. Expressive behaviors 2. Physiological arousal 3. Subjective experience Expressive behaviors correct answer: smiling, glaring, pouting Physiological arousal correct answer: smiling, glaring, pouting Subjective experience correct answer: feeling happy, sad, etc Primary emotion correct answer: Universally expressed, Distinct physiological arousal, Distinct facial expression Secondary Emotion correct answer: Combination of primary emotions Less distinct, vary across cultures Why do we have facial expressions? correct answer: Tells others how we are feeling 2. Approach people in a positive mood, avoid negative 3. Tells us how we are feeling 3 theories of emotion correct answer: 1. James-Lange theory of emotion 2. Cannon-Bard theory of emotion 3. Two-factor theory of emotion James-Lange theory of emotion correct answer: Bodily reactions precede subjective experience Cannon-Bard theory of emotion correct answer: Bodily reactions and subjective experiences occur together, but independently Two-factor theory of emotion correct answer: The cognitive interpretation (appraisal) of a bodily reaction drives subjective experience of emotions Personality correct answer: Unique pattern of psychological characteristics (thinking, feeling, behaving) that differentiate us from others and lead us to act consistently across situations Ancient Greek way of describing personality correct answer: Amount of Bodily Fluids (The Four Humors): phlegm, white bile, yellow bile, black bile Phrenology () correct answer: One way of describing personality through the shape of the skull and brain Psychoanalytic Theory () correct answer: One way of describing personality through Unconscious conflicts and motivations (Freud) Traits correct answer: A person's attributes or characteristics Two ways of thinking about traits correct answer: 1. Internal Causal Properties 2. Descriptive Summaries Internal Causal Properties correct answer: Assumed to cause and explain behavior; within the individual Descriptive Summaries correct answer: Doesn't assume traits are internal or causal 5 Trait Ways people tried to identify core traits correct answer: 1. Lexical Hypothesis 2. Factor Analysis 3. Cattell's 16 "source traits" Theory 4. Eyesenck's 3 "superfactors" theory (PEN) 5. Modern consensus of 5 core traits Theory (OCEAN) Lexical Hypothesis correct answer: If something is important, we'll have a word for it, and if more words --- more important Factor Analysis correct answer: Identify groups of traits that go together and creates more useful set of underlying factors Cattell's 16 "source traits" correct answer: a taxonomy of 16 different personality traits that could be used to describe and explain individual differences between people's personalities Eyesenck's 3 "superfactors" (PEN) correct answer: 1. Psychoticism- insensitive, uncaring, cruel 2. Extroversion - outgoing, sociable 3. Neuroticism- anxious, moody, worrying Modern consensus of 5 core traits (OCEAN) correct answer: 1. Openness to Experience 2. Conscientiousness 3. Extraversion 4. Agreeableness 5. Neuroticism (Emotional Stability) Openness to Experience correct answer: Curious, creative, imaginative, interested in new and varied experiences Conscientiousness correct answer: Organized, dependable, self-disciplined, motivated by achievement or duty Extraversion correct answer: Social, talkative, outgoing, assertive, energetic, motivated to interact with others Agreeableness correct answer: Kind, warm, cooperative, trusting, sympathetic, motivated to maintain good relations with others Neuroticism (Emotional Stability) correct answer: Anxious, insecure, self-conscious, moody, worries a lot, less stable 2 ways to measure Personality correct answer: 1. Self-Reports 2. Projective Tests 3. Peer/informant report 4. Observer Report 5. Behavioral Residue Self-Reports correct answer: Answer questionnaires about typical behavior, thoughts, and feelings; Compare responses with population scores Projective Tests correct answer: Asked to interpret ambiguous stimuli; Assume that people "project" their personality into the interpretation Peer/informant report correct answer: asking family and friends Observer report correct answer: watching their behavior and rating them Behavioral residue correct answer: looking at things you own and how you arrange your stuff 2 Sources of Personality correct answer: 1. Biology 2. Environmental Influence Do men and women differ in personality? correct answer: Not really; women are higher slightly in every category except opennness Personality and Health correct answer: Neuroticism---- Poorer Mental health Conscientiousness ---- Better Health Behaviors Personality and Success correct answer: Neuroticism --- Higher GPA, income, better job performance Neuroticism --- Negatively relate to grades, income