,Nursing Laboratory and
Diagnostic Tests
, Contents
CHAPTER 1 Hematology Tests 1
1.1 Definition 1.2 Blood Type Test 1.3 Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT)
1.4 Total Serum Protein 1.5 Blood Alcohol 1.6 Lead 1.7 Serum Osmolality
1.8 Uric Acid in Blood 1.9 C-Reactive Protein (CRP) 1.10 Complete Blood
Count (CBC) 1.11 Chemistry Screen 1.12 Vitamin B12 1.13 Cold Agglutinins
1.14 Toxocology Tests (Tox Screen) 1.15 Folic Acid 1.16 Gastrin 1.17 Ferritin
1.18 Lactic Acid 1.19 Prothrombin Time 1.20 Reticulocyte Count 1.21 Schilling
Test 1.22 Sedimentation Rate (SED) 1.23 Iron (Fe) 1.24 Serum Protein
Electrophoresis (SPE)
CHAPTER 2 Electrolytes 30
2.1 Definition 2.2 Calcium (Ca) 2.3 Magnesium (Mg) 2.4 Phosphate
2.5 Potassium (K) 2.6 Sodium (Na) 2.7 Chloride (Cl)
CHAPTER 3 Arterial Blood Gas Tests 40
3.1 Definition 3.2 Arterial Blood Gases 3.3 Total Carbon Dioxide
3.4 Carbon Monoxide (CO)
CHAPTER 4 Liver Tests 47
4.1 Definition 4.2 Hepatitis A Virus Test 4.3 Hepatitis B (HBV) Tests
4.4 Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) 4.5 Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) 4.6 Ammonia
4.7 Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) 4.8 Bilirubin
CHAPTER 5 Cardiac Enzymes and Markers Tests 59
5.1 Definition 5.2 Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) Test 5.3 Cardiac Enzyme
Studies 5.4 Homocysteine 5.5 Renin Assay
CHAPTER 6 Serologic Tests 67
6.1 Definition 6.2 Immunoglobulins 6.3 Antinuclear Antibodies (ANA) 6.4 Human
Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Tests 6.5 CD4⫹ Count 6.6 Viral Load Measurement
6.7 Rheumatoid Factor (RF)
vii
, viii Contents
CHAPTER 7 Endocrine Tests 77
7.1 Definition 7.2 Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) and Cortisol
7.3 Overnight Dexamethasone Suppression Test 7.4 Aldosterone Test
7.5 Cortisol Test 7.6 Estrogens 7.7 Growth Hormone 7.8 Luteinizing
Hormone (LH) 7.9 Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) 7.10 Thyroid Hormone Tests
7.11 Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) 7.12 Testosterone
CHAPTER 8 Glucose Tests 93
8.1 Definition 8.2 C-Peptide 8.3 D-xylose Absorption Test 8.4 Blood Glucose
8.5 Glycohemoglobin (GHb)
CHAPTER 9 Tumor Markers 101
9.1 Definition 9.2 Cancer Antigen 125 (CA-125) 9.3 Carcinoembryonic
Antigen (CEA) 9.4 Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA)
CHAPTER 10 Pregnancy and Genetic Tests 107
10.1 Definition 10.2 Antisperm Antibody Test 10.3 Alpha-Fetoprotein
(AFP) Test 10.4 Follicle-Stimulating Hormone 10.5 Human Chorionic
Gonadotropin (hCG) 10.6 Inhibin A Test 10.7 Prolactin 10.8 Phenylketonuria
(PKU) Test 10.9 Tay-Sachs Test 10.10 Sickle Cell Test 10.11 Hemochromatosis
Gene Test (HFE)
CHAPTER 11 Infection Tests 120
11.1 Definition 11.2 Antibody Tests 11.3 Blood Culture 11.4 Mononucleosis
Tests 11.5 Helicobacter Pylori Tests 11.6 Herpes Tests 11.7 Lyme Disease Test
11.8 Rubella Test 11.9 Syphilis Tests
CHAPTER 12 Renal Function Tests 131
12.1 Definition 12.2 Blood Urea Nitrogen 12.3 Creatinine and
Creatinine Clearance
CHAPTER 13 Pancreas and Lipid Metabolism Tests 137
13.1 Definition 13.2 Amylase 13.3 Lipase 13.4 Cholesterol and
Triglycerides Tests
CHAPTER 14 Diagnostic Radiologic Tests 143
14.1 Definition 14.2 How an X-ray Is Taken 14.3 Abdominal X-ray
14.4 Extremity X-ray 14.5 Spinal X-ray 14.6 Mammogram 14.7 Chest X-ray
14.8 Dental X-ray 14.9 Facial X-ray 14.10 Skull X-ray
CHAPTER 15 Computed Tomography (CT) Scan 155
15.1 Definition 15.2 Full Body CT Scan 15.3 CT Scan of the Head
15.4 CT Scan of the Spine
CHAPTER 16 Ultrasound Scan 162
16.1 Definition 16.2 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Ultrasound
16.3 Transvaginal Ultrasound and Hysterosonogram 16.4 Testicular Ultrasound
Diagnostic Tests
, Contents
CHAPTER 1 Hematology Tests 1
1.1 Definition 1.2 Blood Type Test 1.3 Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT)
1.4 Total Serum Protein 1.5 Blood Alcohol 1.6 Lead 1.7 Serum Osmolality
1.8 Uric Acid in Blood 1.9 C-Reactive Protein (CRP) 1.10 Complete Blood
Count (CBC) 1.11 Chemistry Screen 1.12 Vitamin B12 1.13 Cold Agglutinins
1.14 Toxocology Tests (Tox Screen) 1.15 Folic Acid 1.16 Gastrin 1.17 Ferritin
1.18 Lactic Acid 1.19 Prothrombin Time 1.20 Reticulocyte Count 1.21 Schilling
Test 1.22 Sedimentation Rate (SED) 1.23 Iron (Fe) 1.24 Serum Protein
Electrophoresis (SPE)
CHAPTER 2 Electrolytes 30
2.1 Definition 2.2 Calcium (Ca) 2.3 Magnesium (Mg) 2.4 Phosphate
2.5 Potassium (K) 2.6 Sodium (Na) 2.7 Chloride (Cl)
CHAPTER 3 Arterial Blood Gas Tests 40
3.1 Definition 3.2 Arterial Blood Gases 3.3 Total Carbon Dioxide
3.4 Carbon Monoxide (CO)
CHAPTER 4 Liver Tests 47
4.1 Definition 4.2 Hepatitis A Virus Test 4.3 Hepatitis B (HBV) Tests
4.4 Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) 4.5 Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) 4.6 Ammonia
4.7 Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) 4.8 Bilirubin
CHAPTER 5 Cardiac Enzymes and Markers Tests 59
5.1 Definition 5.2 Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) Test 5.3 Cardiac Enzyme
Studies 5.4 Homocysteine 5.5 Renin Assay
CHAPTER 6 Serologic Tests 67
6.1 Definition 6.2 Immunoglobulins 6.3 Antinuclear Antibodies (ANA) 6.4 Human
Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Tests 6.5 CD4⫹ Count 6.6 Viral Load Measurement
6.7 Rheumatoid Factor (RF)
vii
, viii Contents
CHAPTER 7 Endocrine Tests 77
7.1 Definition 7.2 Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) and Cortisol
7.3 Overnight Dexamethasone Suppression Test 7.4 Aldosterone Test
7.5 Cortisol Test 7.6 Estrogens 7.7 Growth Hormone 7.8 Luteinizing
Hormone (LH) 7.9 Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) 7.10 Thyroid Hormone Tests
7.11 Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) 7.12 Testosterone
CHAPTER 8 Glucose Tests 93
8.1 Definition 8.2 C-Peptide 8.3 D-xylose Absorption Test 8.4 Blood Glucose
8.5 Glycohemoglobin (GHb)
CHAPTER 9 Tumor Markers 101
9.1 Definition 9.2 Cancer Antigen 125 (CA-125) 9.3 Carcinoembryonic
Antigen (CEA) 9.4 Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA)
CHAPTER 10 Pregnancy and Genetic Tests 107
10.1 Definition 10.2 Antisperm Antibody Test 10.3 Alpha-Fetoprotein
(AFP) Test 10.4 Follicle-Stimulating Hormone 10.5 Human Chorionic
Gonadotropin (hCG) 10.6 Inhibin A Test 10.7 Prolactin 10.8 Phenylketonuria
(PKU) Test 10.9 Tay-Sachs Test 10.10 Sickle Cell Test 10.11 Hemochromatosis
Gene Test (HFE)
CHAPTER 11 Infection Tests 120
11.1 Definition 11.2 Antibody Tests 11.3 Blood Culture 11.4 Mononucleosis
Tests 11.5 Helicobacter Pylori Tests 11.6 Herpes Tests 11.7 Lyme Disease Test
11.8 Rubella Test 11.9 Syphilis Tests
CHAPTER 12 Renal Function Tests 131
12.1 Definition 12.2 Blood Urea Nitrogen 12.3 Creatinine and
Creatinine Clearance
CHAPTER 13 Pancreas and Lipid Metabolism Tests 137
13.1 Definition 13.2 Amylase 13.3 Lipase 13.4 Cholesterol and
Triglycerides Tests
CHAPTER 14 Diagnostic Radiologic Tests 143
14.1 Definition 14.2 How an X-ray Is Taken 14.3 Abdominal X-ray
14.4 Extremity X-ray 14.5 Spinal X-ray 14.6 Mammogram 14.7 Chest X-ray
14.8 Dental X-ray 14.9 Facial X-ray 14.10 Skull X-ray
CHAPTER 15 Computed Tomography (CT) Scan 155
15.1 Definition 15.2 Full Body CT Scan 15.3 CT Scan of the Head
15.4 CT Scan of the Spine
CHAPTER 16 Ultrasound Scan 162
16.1 Definition 16.2 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Ultrasound
16.3 Transvaginal Ultrasound and Hysterosonogram 16.4 Testicular Ultrasound
