Points to Remember
1. Organism (Microorganism, plant and animals) who posseses life is living.
2. Life is a complex organisation expressing itself through chemical reactions
and exhibit characteristics of living organisms.
3. Characteristics of Living Organisms : Growth, reproduction, metabolism,
cellular organisation, consciousness (ability to sense environment), self-
replicating and self regulation.
Reproduction and growth are NOT defining properties.
Metabolism, cellular organisation and consciousness are defining
properties.
Living organisms are self-replicating, evolving, self-regulating and
interactive systems capable of responding to external stimuli.
4. Biodiversity : Term used to refer to the variety of microorganisms, plant
and animals on earth.
5. Need for classification : To organise the vast number of microorganisms,
plants and animals into categories that could be named, remembered, studied
and understood.
6. Three Domains of Life : Proposed by Carl Woese in 1990 who also proposed
the six kingdom classification for living organisms. The three Domains of
life are Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya.
1 Kingdom
Archaea → 1. Archaebacteria
2
Domains Bacteria → 2. Eutacteria
of life 3
Eukarya → 3. Protista
→ 4. Fungi
→ 5. Plantae
→ 6. Animalia
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, 7. Taxonomy : Study of principles and procedures of identification, nomenclature
and classification.
8. Systematics : It deals with classification of organisms based on their
diversities and relationships among them. Term was proposed by Carolus
Linnaeus who wrote ‘Systema Naturae’.
9. Concept of Species : All the members that can interbreed among themselves
and can produce fertile offsprings are the members of same species. This is
the biological concept of species proposed by Mayr.
10. Taxa : Each category (i.e., unit) of classification is called as a taxon.
11. Taxonomic Hierarchy : Classification of organisms in a defnite sequence
of taxon or category or rank in a desending order.
Kingdom → Phylum /Division → Class → Order → Family → Genus → Species.
12. Binomial Nomenclature : Given by Carolus Linnaeus. Each scientific name
has two components-Generic name + Specific epithet.
13. ICBN : International Code for Botanical Nomenclature (for giving scientific
name to plants.)
14. ICZN : International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (for giving scientific
name to animals.)
15. Rule for Nomenclature :
Latinised names are used.
First word is genus, second word is species name.
Printed in italics; if handwritten then underlined separately.
First word starts with capital letter while species name written in small
letter.
16. Scientific names of some organisms :
Man — Homo sapiens
Housefly — Musca domestica
Mango — Mangifera indica
Wheat — Triticum aestivum
17. Taxonomical Aids are the tools for study of taxonomy.
18. Museums in educational institutes (school and colleges) have collection of
skeletons of animals, stuffed and preserved specimens of organisms for study
and reference.
19. Zoological Parks (Places where wild animals are kept in protected environment
under human care) Example : National Zoological Park, Delhi.
20. Herbarium : Store house of dried, pressed and preserved plant specimen
on sheets, kept systematically according to a widely accepted system of
classification, for future use.
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, 21. Botanical Garden : Collection of living plants for reference.
Example : Royal Batanical garden Kew (England), National Botanical
Research Institute (Lucknow), Indian Botanical Garden Howrah.
22. Keys : (Used for indentification of plants and animals on the basis of similarities
and dissimilarities.)
23. Couplet : are the two alternate characteristic statement used in key to identify
organisation.
24. Each Statement of the key is called a lead.
25. Flora (Index to plant species found in a particular area.
26. Manuals (Provide information for identification of name of species in an
area.)
27. Mongoraphs (Contain information on any one taxon.)
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, Points to Remember
Systems of Classification :
Earliest classiication was given by Aristotle. Divided plants into herbs,
shrubs and trees.
Animals into those with red blood and those who do not have it.
Two kingdom classiication : Given by Carolous Linneaeus–Kingdom–
plantae and kingdom–Animalia.
Five kingdom classiication : By R.H. Whittaker, Monera, Protista, Fungi,
Plantae and Animalia are the ive kingdoms.
The main criteria for classiication of organisms into ive kingdoms include
cell structure, thallus organisation, mode of nutrition, reproduction and
phylogenetic relationships.
Kingdom Monera :
Has bacteria as sole members.
Bacteria can have shapes like : Coccus (spherical), Bacillus (rod-shaped),
Vibrium (comma shaped) and spirillum (spiral shaped).
Bacteria found almost everywhere and can be Photosynthetic autotrophs,
Chemosynthetic autotrophs or Heterotrophs.
Archaebacteria
Bacteria
Eubacteria
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1. Organism (Microorganism, plant and animals) who posseses life is living.
2. Life is a complex organisation expressing itself through chemical reactions
and exhibit characteristics of living organisms.
3. Characteristics of Living Organisms : Growth, reproduction, metabolism,
cellular organisation, consciousness (ability to sense environment), self-
replicating and self regulation.
Reproduction and growth are NOT defining properties.
Metabolism, cellular organisation and consciousness are defining
properties.
Living organisms are self-replicating, evolving, self-regulating and
interactive systems capable of responding to external stimuli.
4. Biodiversity : Term used to refer to the variety of microorganisms, plant
and animals on earth.
5. Need for classification : To organise the vast number of microorganisms,
plants and animals into categories that could be named, remembered, studied
and understood.
6. Three Domains of Life : Proposed by Carl Woese in 1990 who also proposed
the six kingdom classification for living organisms. The three Domains of
life are Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya.
1 Kingdom
Archaea → 1. Archaebacteria
2
Domains Bacteria → 2. Eutacteria
of life 3
Eukarya → 3. Protista
→ 4. Fungi
→ 5. Plantae
→ 6. Animalia
www.cleariitmedical.com
, 7. Taxonomy : Study of principles and procedures of identification, nomenclature
and classification.
8. Systematics : It deals with classification of organisms based on their
diversities and relationships among them. Term was proposed by Carolus
Linnaeus who wrote ‘Systema Naturae’.
9. Concept of Species : All the members that can interbreed among themselves
and can produce fertile offsprings are the members of same species. This is
the biological concept of species proposed by Mayr.
10. Taxa : Each category (i.e., unit) of classification is called as a taxon.
11. Taxonomic Hierarchy : Classification of organisms in a defnite sequence
of taxon or category or rank in a desending order.
Kingdom → Phylum /Division → Class → Order → Family → Genus → Species.
12. Binomial Nomenclature : Given by Carolus Linnaeus. Each scientific name
has two components-Generic name + Specific epithet.
13. ICBN : International Code for Botanical Nomenclature (for giving scientific
name to plants.)
14. ICZN : International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (for giving scientific
name to animals.)
15. Rule for Nomenclature :
Latinised names are used.
First word is genus, second word is species name.
Printed in italics; if handwritten then underlined separately.
First word starts with capital letter while species name written in small
letter.
16. Scientific names of some organisms :
Man — Homo sapiens
Housefly — Musca domestica
Mango — Mangifera indica
Wheat — Triticum aestivum
17. Taxonomical Aids are the tools for study of taxonomy.
18. Museums in educational institutes (school and colleges) have collection of
skeletons of animals, stuffed and preserved specimens of organisms for study
and reference.
19. Zoological Parks (Places where wild animals are kept in protected environment
under human care) Example : National Zoological Park, Delhi.
20. Herbarium : Store house of dried, pressed and preserved plant specimen
on sheets, kept systematically according to a widely accepted system of
classification, for future use.
www.cleariitmedical.com
, 21. Botanical Garden : Collection of living plants for reference.
Example : Royal Batanical garden Kew (England), National Botanical
Research Institute (Lucknow), Indian Botanical Garden Howrah.
22. Keys : (Used for indentification of plants and animals on the basis of similarities
and dissimilarities.)
23. Couplet : are the two alternate characteristic statement used in key to identify
organisation.
24. Each Statement of the key is called a lead.
25. Flora (Index to plant species found in a particular area.
26. Manuals (Provide information for identification of name of species in an
area.)
27. Mongoraphs (Contain information on any one taxon.)
www.cleariitmedical.com
, Points to Remember
Systems of Classification :
Earliest classiication was given by Aristotle. Divided plants into herbs,
shrubs and trees.
Animals into those with red blood and those who do not have it.
Two kingdom classiication : Given by Carolous Linneaeus–Kingdom–
plantae and kingdom–Animalia.
Five kingdom classiication : By R.H. Whittaker, Monera, Protista, Fungi,
Plantae and Animalia are the ive kingdoms.
The main criteria for classiication of organisms into ive kingdoms include
cell structure, thallus organisation, mode of nutrition, reproduction and
phylogenetic relationships.
Kingdom Monera :
Has bacteria as sole members.
Bacteria can have shapes like : Coccus (spherical), Bacillus (rod-shaped),
Vibrium (comma shaped) and spirillum (spiral shaped).
Bacteria found almost everywhere and can be Photosynthetic autotrophs,
Chemosynthetic autotrophs or Heterotrophs.
Archaebacteria
Bacteria
Eubacteria
www.cleariitmedical.com
