Please check the examination details below before entering your candidate
information
Candidate surname Other names
Centre Candidate
Number Number
Pearson Edexcel Level 3
GCE
Monday 12 June 2023
Paper
Morning (Time: 1 hour 45
minutes)
referenc
e
9CH0/01
Chemistr
y
Advanced
PAPER 1: Advanced Inorganic and Physical
Chemistry
You must have: Total
Scientific calculator, Data Booklet, ruler Marks
Instructions
• Use black ink or ball‑point pen.
• IfFillpencil is used for diagrams/sketches/graphs it must be dark (HB or B).
• centrein the boxes at the top of this page with your name,
number and candidate number.
•• Answer all
Answer the questions in the spaces
provided – there may be more space than
you need.
questions.
Information
• The total mark for this paper is 90.
• The marks for each question are shown in brackets
– use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.
• For the question marked with an asterisk (*), marks will be awarded for your
ability to structure your answer logically, showing the points that you make are
related or follow on from each other where appropriate.
• A Periodic Table is printed on the back cover of this paper.
Advice
• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
• Show all your working in calculations and include units where appropriate.
• Check your answers if you have time at the Turn over
end.
1
, Answer ALL questions.
Some questions must be answered with a cross in a box . If you
change your mind about an answer, put a line through the box and
then mark your new answer with a cross .
1 This question is about d‑block elements.
(a) Which of the labels 1–4 identifies a d‑block element in Period 4?
2 3
Ionisation
energy
4
1
10 20 30 40 50
60
Atomic number (1)
A 1
B 2
C 3
D 4
(b) State what is meant by the term d‑block
element. (1)
. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ......................
. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ......................
. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ......................
. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... . . .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ......................
(Total for Question 1 = 2 marks)
2
,2 Chemists often use the term ‘orbital’ when considering atomic structure.
(a) State what is meant by the term orbital.
(2)
. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ......................
. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ......................
. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ......................
. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ......................
. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ......................
. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ......................
(b) Draw diagrams to show the shape of an s and a p orbital.
(2)
s orbital p orbital
(c) What is the electronic configuration of a copper atom? (1)
A [Ar]4s13d10
B [Ar]4s23d9
C [Ar]4s24p13d8
D [Ar]4s24p23d7
(Total for Question 2 = 5 marks)
3
Turn
over
, 3 This question is about compounds containing elements from Group 7.
(a) Which change occurs when concentrated sulfuric acid is
added to potassium bromide?
(1)
A bromide ions oxidise sulfuric acid forming sulfur
B bromide ions oxidise sulfuric acid forming sulfur dioxide
C bromide ions reduce sulfuric acid forming sulfur
D bromide ions reduce sulfuric acid forming sulfur dioxide
(b) Chemists can test for the presence of bromide ions in solution by adding a
small amount of acidified silver nitrate solution.
The solubility of the precipitate in aqueous ammonia is then tested.
(i) Which statement is correct for bromide ions?
(1)
A a white precipitate forms that dissolves in
concentrated ammonia only
B a white precipitate forms that dissolves in both dilute
and concentrated ammonia
C a cream precipitate forms that dissolves in
concentrated ammonia only
D a cream precipitate forms that dissolves in both dilute
and concentrated ammonia
(ii) Give a reason why the silver nitrate must be acidified. (1)
. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ......................
. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... . . .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ......................
(iii) Explain which acid needs to be used to acidify the silver nitrate solution
and why other acids are unsuitable.
(2)
. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ......................
. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ......................
. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ......................
. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ......................
. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ......................
4
information
Candidate surname Other names
Centre Candidate
Number Number
Pearson Edexcel Level 3
GCE
Monday 12 June 2023
Paper
Morning (Time: 1 hour 45
minutes)
referenc
e
9CH0/01
Chemistr
y
Advanced
PAPER 1: Advanced Inorganic and Physical
Chemistry
You must have: Total
Scientific calculator, Data Booklet, ruler Marks
Instructions
• Use black ink or ball‑point pen.
• IfFillpencil is used for diagrams/sketches/graphs it must be dark (HB or B).
• centrein the boxes at the top of this page with your name,
number and candidate number.
•• Answer all
Answer the questions in the spaces
provided – there may be more space than
you need.
questions.
Information
• The total mark for this paper is 90.
• The marks for each question are shown in brackets
– use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.
• For the question marked with an asterisk (*), marks will be awarded for your
ability to structure your answer logically, showing the points that you make are
related or follow on from each other where appropriate.
• A Periodic Table is printed on the back cover of this paper.
Advice
• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
• Show all your working in calculations and include units where appropriate.
• Check your answers if you have time at the Turn over
end.
1
, Answer ALL questions.
Some questions must be answered with a cross in a box . If you
change your mind about an answer, put a line through the box and
then mark your new answer with a cross .
1 This question is about d‑block elements.
(a) Which of the labels 1–4 identifies a d‑block element in Period 4?
2 3
Ionisation
energy
4
1
10 20 30 40 50
60
Atomic number (1)
A 1
B 2
C 3
D 4
(b) State what is meant by the term d‑block
element. (1)
. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ......................
. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ......................
. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ......................
. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... . . .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ......................
(Total for Question 1 = 2 marks)
2
,2 Chemists often use the term ‘orbital’ when considering atomic structure.
(a) State what is meant by the term orbital.
(2)
. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ......................
. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ......................
. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ......................
. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ......................
. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ......................
. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ......................
(b) Draw diagrams to show the shape of an s and a p orbital.
(2)
s orbital p orbital
(c) What is the electronic configuration of a copper atom? (1)
A [Ar]4s13d10
B [Ar]4s23d9
C [Ar]4s24p13d8
D [Ar]4s24p23d7
(Total for Question 2 = 5 marks)
3
Turn
over
, 3 This question is about compounds containing elements from Group 7.
(a) Which change occurs when concentrated sulfuric acid is
added to potassium bromide?
(1)
A bromide ions oxidise sulfuric acid forming sulfur
B bromide ions oxidise sulfuric acid forming sulfur dioxide
C bromide ions reduce sulfuric acid forming sulfur
D bromide ions reduce sulfuric acid forming sulfur dioxide
(b) Chemists can test for the presence of bromide ions in solution by adding a
small amount of acidified silver nitrate solution.
The solubility of the precipitate in aqueous ammonia is then tested.
(i) Which statement is correct for bromide ions?
(1)
A a white precipitate forms that dissolves in
concentrated ammonia only
B a white precipitate forms that dissolves in both dilute
and concentrated ammonia
C a cream precipitate forms that dissolves in
concentrated ammonia only
D a cream precipitate forms that dissolves in both dilute
and concentrated ammonia
(ii) Give a reason why the silver nitrate must be acidified. (1)
. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ......................
. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... . . .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ......................
(iii) Explain which acid needs to be used to acidify the silver nitrate solution
and why other acids are unsuitable.
(2)
. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ......................
. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ......................
. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ......................
. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ......................
. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ......................
4
