Nursing 255 EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES|ALREADY GRADED A+

Nursing 255 EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES|ALREADY GRADED A+ Genomes - ANSWER- study of all genes in a person and interactions of these genes with one another and with that person's environment. patient centered care - ANSWER- Recognize the patient or designee as the source of control and full partner in providing compassionate and coordinated care based on respect for patient's preferences, values, and needs. Teamwork and Collaboration - ANSWER- Function effectively within nursing and inter-professional teams, fostering open communication, mutual respect, and shared decision-making to achieve quality patient care. evidence-based practice - ANSWER- integrate best current evidence with clinical expertise and patient/family preferences and values for delivery of optimal health care Quality Improvement - ANSWER- Use data to monitor the outcomes of care processes and use improvement methods to design and test changes to continuously improve the quality and safety of health care systems. Safety - ANSWER- Minimize risk of harm to patients and providers through both system effectiveness in individual preference Informatics - ANSWER- Use information and Technology to communicate, manage knowledge, mitigate error and support decision making. Managed Care Organization (MCO) - ANSWER- Provides comprehensive preventive and treatment services to a specific group of voluntarily enrolled people. Structures include a variety of models. Preferred Provider Organization (PPO) - ANSWER- Type of managed care plan that limits in enrollees choice to a list of preferred Hospital, physicians, and providers. Pays more out-of-pocket expenses for using a provider not on the list. Medicare - ANSWER- Part A: provides basic protection for medical, Surgical, and psychiatric care cost based on diagnosis-related groups also provides limited skilled Nursing Facility Care, Hospice, and Home Care. Part B: a voluntary medical insurance; covers physician, certain other specific Health Professional Services, answer no patient services. Part C: a Managed care provision that provides a choice of three insurance plans. Part D: voluntary prescription drug Improvement. private insurance - ANSWER- Traditional fee-for-service. Payment is computed after patient receive services on basis of number of services used. long-term care insurance - ANSWER- Supplemental insurance for coverage of LTC services. Policies provide a set amount of dollars for an unlimited time or for as little as two years. autonomy - ANSWER- freedom from external control. Respect for patient on Tom Mabe refers to the commitment to include patients and decisions about all aspects of care. Beneficence - ANSWER- Refers to taking positive actions to help others. Nonmaleficence - ANSWER- avoidance of harm or hurt. A healthcare professional tries to balance the risks and benefits of care while trying at the same time to do the least harm possible. For example, harvesting bone marrow. Justice - ANSWER- fairness. Most often used in discussions about access to healthcare resources including the just distribution of scarce resources. fidelity - ANSWER- The agreement to keep promises. responsibility - ANSWER- A nurse is responsible for their actions and the actions of those whom you delegate tasks. Deontology - ANSWER- Define actions as right or wrong on the basis of their "right-making characteristics" such as fidelity to promises, truthfulness, and justice. Deontology examines a situation for the existence of essential right or wrong. For example, if you tried to make a decision about the ethics of a controversial medical procedure. Looks to the presence of principles regardless of outcome. Utilitarianism (aka consequentialism) - ANSWER- A system of Ethics proposes that the value of something is determined by its usefulness. Measures the effect that an act will have. Feminist Ethics - ANSWER- Looks to the nature of relationships to guide participants in making difficult decisions, especially relationships in which power is unequal or in which a point of view has become ignored or invisible. Ethics of Care - ANSWER- Strives to address issues beyond individual relationships by raising ethical concerns about the structures within which individual caring occurs (hospitals or universities). ethical dilemma - ANSWER- 1. Ask the question, is this an ethical dilemma? 2. Gather information relevant to the case. Patient, family, institutional, and social perspectives are important sources of relevant information. 3. Clarify values. Distinguish among fact, opinion, and values. 4. Verbalize the problem. A clear, simple statement of the dilemma is not always easy, but it helps to ensure effectiveness in the final plan and facilitates discussion. 5. Identify possible courses of action. 6. Negotiate a plan. Negotiation requires a confidence in one's own point of view and a deep respect for the opinions of others. 7. Evaluate the plan over time. The patient for whom you are caring for needs a liver transplant to survive. This patient has been out of work for several months and doesn't have health insurance or even cash. Even though several ethical principles are at work in this case, list the principles from the highest to lowest priority. - ANSWER- 1. Justice: the greatest question in the situation is how to determine the just distribution of resources. 2. Respect for autonomy: this patients autonomy will be violated if he does not receive the liver transplant. 3. Ethics of care: the caring thing that a nurse could provide this patient is resources for a liver transplant. 4. Accountability: you asked the nurse are accountable for the well-being of this patient. A child's immunization may cause discomfort during administration, but the benefits of protection from disease, both for the individual and society, outweigh the temporary discomforts. - ANSWER- Beneficence A patient is administered to a medical unit. The patient is fearful of hospitals. The nurse carefully assesses the patient to determine the exact fears and then establishes interventions designed to reduce these fears. - ANSWER- Assessing the patient's point of view and preparing to articulate it The application of utilitarianism does not always resolve an ethical dilemma. - ANSWER- In a diverse community it may be difficult to find agreement on a definition of useful, the force of utilitarianism.