Theory and History of European
Integration
2023-2024
Paris 1951/52 ECSC
Rome 1957 EEC and EURATOM
1965 Empty Chair Crisis
1967 ECSC, EEC, and EURATOM merge
European Communities (EC)
Single European Act 1986 Agree on single market
Maastricht 1992 EMU + 3 pillars (EC, Common Foreign &
Security Policy, Justice and Home Affairs)
Amsterdam 1997 Maintenance and a lot of small stuff
Nice 2001 More maintenance, slowing down
integration
Lisbon 2007 Treaty on European Union & Treaty on the
functioning of the EU
1
,Table of Contents
Treaty of Paris (ESCS).........................................................................................................4
Key players...................................................................................................................................5
Rome proposals.................................................................................................................5
How to create a customs union....................................................................................................6
How was an agreement reached?.................................................................................................6
Reason 1: Spaaks rules of negotiation............................................................................................................6
Reason 2: External Crisis in Suez & Hungary..................................................................................................6
Reason 3: FR forces Ger Concessions.............................................................................................................6
Empty chair crisis...............................................................................................................6
Luxembourg compromise (1966)........................................................................................6
1970s progress and stagnation..........................................................................................7
The SEA..............................................................................................................................7
EMU...................................................................................................................................8
Treaty of Maastricht (1991)...............................................................................................8
Treaty of Amsterdam.........................................................................................................9
Treaty of Nice: agenda and outcome..................................................................................9
The Constitutional Treaty.................................................................................................10
Lisbon Treaty....................................................................................................................10
Crises...............................................................................................................................11
Euro Area Financial Crisis............................................................................................................11
The Refugee/Migrant Crisis........................................................................................................11
EU Polycrisis...............................................................................................................................11
Brexit..........................................................................................................................................11
The EU and Ukraine....................................................................................................................11
Neofunctionalism.............................................................................................................13
Origins........................................................................................................................................13
Key concepts..............................................................................................................................13
Auxiliary Hypothesis (assumptions)............................................................................................14
Critique on Neofunctionalism.....................................................................................................14
Liberal intergovernmentalism..........................................................................................14
Origins........................................................................................................................................14
Key concepts..............................................................................................................................15
The 3 stages of Liberal intergovernmentalism..................................................................15
1 State preferences (international level II)...................................................................................................15
2 Bargaining (international level I)...............................................................................................................15
2
, 3 Delegation..................................................................................................................................................16
(4 selling deals to the national level)............................................................................................................16
Critiques on Liberal Intergovernmentalism.................................................................................16
Post Functionalism...........................................................................................................16
Core assumptions.......................................................................................................................16
Inspiration for PF........................................................................................................................17
The model..................................................................................................................................17
Critique on PF.............................................................................................................................17
The institutionalisms........................................................................................................18
Rational Choice Institutionalism.................................................................................................18
Historical Institutionalism...........................................................................................................18
Sociological Institutionalism.......................................................................................................18
Governance approaches...................................................................................................19
Key concepts..............................................................................................................................19
3
,History
German question and treaties of Paris
How is France going to contain Germany without foreign support? “temporary
partitioning of Germany”
Mood in 1949
1. Splitting up Germany not sufficient (esp. for France because concerns about
permanent solution
2. Weak economies (esp. France) need access to German resources
3. Everyone afraid to let Germany rebuild
SO ECSC
FR:
- Guaranteed coal supply = economic recovery
- German economic recovery without mobilization
- US would enforce compliance
Ger (under European policy of Adenaur)
- Reconciliations after war
- Gleichberechtigung
- Westbinding (reconnect with West)
UK:
- Supports, but doesn’t join
US:
- Leadership to US!
- Strengthen North-Atlantic cooperation
- Want loans to be paid back
- Want West Germany as ally to stop communist threat
NL:
- Want peace and recovery
- Fear Franco German domination intergovernmental Council of Ministers
Treaty of Paris (ESCS)
Key components
- Decartelization of C&S industry
o Fair competition
o Equaled access to resources
- Transition towards customs union C&S
- Equalization funds
o Side payments to weaker economies so they can compete
- Gradual Harmonization (& improvement) of working conditions
4
,Key players
Jean Monet wants to:
- Prevent another war
- Restore European economy
- Stop rise of communism (and nationalism)
= European Integration
Goes to Foreign Minister of Germany Robert Schuman
Schuman Declaration (1950)
Introduces ECSC Pooling of German and French production of Coal and Steel under
common high authority
Why?
- Feasible (small step)
- Coal and Steel key in
o Rearmament
o Construction
- Decartelization: industrialists supported Hitler
The Pleven Plan (European Defense Community (EDC))
US prioritized Asia due to Korean War. Europe should be able to defend itself against
communism.
Monet devised plan, went to Pleven (Pleven plan)
- Common European army
- No independent army for Germany, but division
- No gleichberechtigung, but allied forces leave BRD
Communists in French parliament say no, merci.
Failed because:
- Too much ceding of sovereignty
- Too big of a step
- Too high profile (more attention than ECSC)
Rome proposals
Monnet & Spaak
What: ECSC-style sectoral integration to energy and transportation
Why: Because oil is upcoming as an energy source and the ECSC has no mandate on that
sector
No extra mandate because of France extra organization
Beyen (NL) proposed customs union
Negative integration
- Removing tariffs, quantitative restrictions and remove other barriers
Positive integration
5
, - Reconstructing a system of economic regulations at the level of a larger economic
unit
How to create a customs union
1. Free trade Area (removing customs duty and restrictions on internal markets)
a. But now imports flow in through low-tariff member states
2. Free Trade Area + harmonized tariffs (makes customs union)
a. But now every country has different rules & regulations regarding different
products
3. Common Market/Single Market. Free trade area with harmonized rules &
Regulations (free movement of goods, capital, services, labour
How was an agreement reached?
Reason 1: Spaaks rules of negotiation
1. Play for (and with) time
2. Don’t let ‘technical stuff overshadow political will
3. Make package deals
a. EURATOM and EEC linked
So first negative integration, and let it cool down ijskastpolitiek
Reason 2: External Crisis in Suez & Hungary
Raised awareness of weakness of W-EU. Cannot rely on US protection or UK cooperation.
Adenauer knows FR has an unstable government, so action needed now
Reason 3: FR forces Ger Concessions
Putnams two-level game Theory.
FR was necessary for EEC and EURATOM. “hands are tied by parliament” – Mollet
Treaty of Rome (EURATOM and EEC created)
Empty chair crisis
In 1962 customs union finalized.
1. UK cons. Apply for membership of EEC in 1961
a. De Gaullle thinks entry will decrease FR international power. UK must accept
all demands, but not realistic.
2. FR vetoes UK entry in ’63 & ‘67
3. Empty Chair crisis
a. FRJ just doesn’t show up, so unanimity is not possible.
Luxembourg compromise (1966)
EEC moves to QMV
No funding via CAP but national contributions
Killed EU integration because a veto when “in national interest”
6
Integration
2023-2024
Paris 1951/52 ECSC
Rome 1957 EEC and EURATOM
1965 Empty Chair Crisis
1967 ECSC, EEC, and EURATOM merge
European Communities (EC)
Single European Act 1986 Agree on single market
Maastricht 1992 EMU + 3 pillars (EC, Common Foreign &
Security Policy, Justice and Home Affairs)
Amsterdam 1997 Maintenance and a lot of small stuff
Nice 2001 More maintenance, slowing down
integration
Lisbon 2007 Treaty on European Union & Treaty on the
functioning of the EU
1
,Table of Contents
Treaty of Paris (ESCS).........................................................................................................4
Key players...................................................................................................................................5
Rome proposals.................................................................................................................5
How to create a customs union....................................................................................................6
How was an agreement reached?.................................................................................................6
Reason 1: Spaaks rules of negotiation............................................................................................................6
Reason 2: External Crisis in Suez & Hungary..................................................................................................6
Reason 3: FR forces Ger Concessions.............................................................................................................6
Empty chair crisis...............................................................................................................6
Luxembourg compromise (1966)........................................................................................6
1970s progress and stagnation..........................................................................................7
The SEA..............................................................................................................................7
EMU...................................................................................................................................8
Treaty of Maastricht (1991)...............................................................................................8
Treaty of Amsterdam.........................................................................................................9
Treaty of Nice: agenda and outcome..................................................................................9
The Constitutional Treaty.................................................................................................10
Lisbon Treaty....................................................................................................................10
Crises...............................................................................................................................11
Euro Area Financial Crisis............................................................................................................11
The Refugee/Migrant Crisis........................................................................................................11
EU Polycrisis...............................................................................................................................11
Brexit..........................................................................................................................................11
The EU and Ukraine....................................................................................................................11
Neofunctionalism.............................................................................................................13
Origins........................................................................................................................................13
Key concepts..............................................................................................................................13
Auxiliary Hypothesis (assumptions)............................................................................................14
Critique on Neofunctionalism.....................................................................................................14
Liberal intergovernmentalism..........................................................................................14
Origins........................................................................................................................................14
Key concepts..............................................................................................................................15
The 3 stages of Liberal intergovernmentalism..................................................................15
1 State preferences (international level II)...................................................................................................15
2 Bargaining (international level I)...............................................................................................................15
2
, 3 Delegation..................................................................................................................................................16
(4 selling deals to the national level)............................................................................................................16
Critiques on Liberal Intergovernmentalism.................................................................................16
Post Functionalism...........................................................................................................16
Core assumptions.......................................................................................................................16
Inspiration for PF........................................................................................................................17
The model..................................................................................................................................17
Critique on PF.............................................................................................................................17
The institutionalisms........................................................................................................18
Rational Choice Institutionalism.................................................................................................18
Historical Institutionalism...........................................................................................................18
Sociological Institutionalism.......................................................................................................18
Governance approaches...................................................................................................19
Key concepts..............................................................................................................................19
3
,History
German question and treaties of Paris
How is France going to contain Germany without foreign support? “temporary
partitioning of Germany”
Mood in 1949
1. Splitting up Germany not sufficient (esp. for France because concerns about
permanent solution
2. Weak economies (esp. France) need access to German resources
3. Everyone afraid to let Germany rebuild
SO ECSC
FR:
- Guaranteed coal supply = economic recovery
- German economic recovery without mobilization
- US would enforce compliance
Ger (under European policy of Adenaur)
- Reconciliations after war
- Gleichberechtigung
- Westbinding (reconnect with West)
UK:
- Supports, but doesn’t join
US:
- Leadership to US!
- Strengthen North-Atlantic cooperation
- Want loans to be paid back
- Want West Germany as ally to stop communist threat
NL:
- Want peace and recovery
- Fear Franco German domination intergovernmental Council of Ministers
Treaty of Paris (ESCS)
Key components
- Decartelization of C&S industry
o Fair competition
o Equaled access to resources
- Transition towards customs union C&S
- Equalization funds
o Side payments to weaker economies so they can compete
- Gradual Harmonization (& improvement) of working conditions
4
,Key players
Jean Monet wants to:
- Prevent another war
- Restore European economy
- Stop rise of communism (and nationalism)
= European Integration
Goes to Foreign Minister of Germany Robert Schuman
Schuman Declaration (1950)
Introduces ECSC Pooling of German and French production of Coal and Steel under
common high authority
Why?
- Feasible (small step)
- Coal and Steel key in
o Rearmament
o Construction
- Decartelization: industrialists supported Hitler
The Pleven Plan (European Defense Community (EDC))
US prioritized Asia due to Korean War. Europe should be able to defend itself against
communism.
Monet devised plan, went to Pleven (Pleven plan)
- Common European army
- No independent army for Germany, but division
- No gleichberechtigung, but allied forces leave BRD
Communists in French parliament say no, merci.
Failed because:
- Too much ceding of sovereignty
- Too big of a step
- Too high profile (more attention than ECSC)
Rome proposals
Monnet & Spaak
What: ECSC-style sectoral integration to energy and transportation
Why: Because oil is upcoming as an energy source and the ECSC has no mandate on that
sector
No extra mandate because of France extra organization
Beyen (NL) proposed customs union
Negative integration
- Removing tariffs, quantitative restrictions and remove other barriers
Positive integration
5
, - Reconstructing a system of economic regulations at the level of a larger economic
unit
How to create a customs union
1. Free trade Area (removing customs duty and restrictions on internal markets)
a. But now imports flow in through low-tariff member states
2. Free Trade Area + harmonized tariffs (makes customs union)
a. But now every country has different rules & regulations regarding different
products
3. Common Market/Single Market. Free trade area with harmonized rules &
Regulations (free movement of goods, capital, services, labour
How was an agreement reached?
Reason 1: Spaaks rules of negotiation
1. Play for (and with) time
2. Don’t let ‘technical stuff overshadow political will
3. Make package deals
a. EURATOM and EEC linked
So first negative integration, and let it cool down ijskastpolitiek
Reason 2: External Crisis in Suez & Hungary
Raised awareness of weakness of W-EU. Cannot rely on US protection or UK cooperation.
Adenauer knows FR has an unstable government, so action needed now
Reason 3: FR forces Ger Concessions
Putnams two-level game Theory.
FR was necessary for EEC and EURATOM. “hands are tied by parliament” – Mollet
Treaty of Rome (EURATOM and EEC created)
Empty chair crisis
In 1962 customs union finalized.
1. UK cons. Apply for membership of EEC in 1961
a. De Gaullle thinks entry will decrease FR international power. UK must accept
all demands, but not realistic.
2. FR vetoes UK entry in ’63 & ‘67
3. Empty Chair crisis
a. FRJ just doesn’t show up, so unanimity is not possible.
Luxembourg compromise (1966)
EEC moves to QMV
No funding via CAP but national contributions
Killed EU integration because a veto when “in national interest”
6
