10/19/23, 9:53 AM CHN LEC Midterm Trans - Nursing Notes
year-olds, 28% were among adults aged
20-64, and 21% were among the over-65s.
Global and National Health Situation ● In 1995, only 21% of all deaths were
among the under-5s, 7% among those
Population 5-19, 29% among those 20-64, and 43%
● The global population was 2.8 billion in among the over-65s.
1955 and is 5.8 billion now. It will increase ● By 2025, 8% of all deaths will be in the
by nearly 80 million people a year to reach under-5s, 3% among 5-19 year-olds, 27%
about 8 billion by the year 2025. among 20-64 year-olds and 63% among
● In 1955, 68% of the global population lived the over-65s
in rural areas and 32% in urban areas. In
1995 the ratio was 55% rural and 45% Leading Causes of Death
urban; by 2025 it will be 41% rural and 59% ● In 1997, of a global total of 52.2 million
urban. deaths, 17.3 million were due to infectious
● giving a natural increase of about 220 000 and parasitic diseases; 15.3 million were
people a day. due to circulatory diseases; 6.2 million were
● Today's population is made up of 613 due to cancer; 2.9 million were due to
million children under 5; 1.7 billion children respiratory diseases, mainly chronic
and adolescents aged 5-19; 3.1 billion obstructive pulmonary disease; and 3.6
adults aged 20-64; and 390 million over 65. million were due to perinatal conditions.
● The number of people aged over 65 will ● Leading causes of death from infectious
rise from 390 million now to 800 million by diseases were acute lower respiratory
2025 - reaching 10% of the total population. infections (3.7 million), tuberculosis (2.9
● By 2025, increases of up to 300% of the million), diarrhea (2.5 million), HIV/AIDS
older population are expected in many (2.3 million) and malaria (1.5-2.7 million).
developing countries, especially in Latin ● Most deaths from circulatory diseases were
America and Asia. coronary heart disease (7.2 million),
● Globally, the population of children under 5 cerebrovascular disease (4.6 million), and
will grow by just 0.25% annually between other heart diseases (3 million).
1995-2025, while the population over 65 ● Leading causes of death from cancers
years will grow by 2.6%. were those of the lung (1.1 million),
● The average number of babies per woman stomach (765 000), colon and rectum (525
of child-bearing age was 5.0 in 1955, falling 000) liver, (505 000), and breast (385 000).
to 2.9 in 1995 and reaching 2.3 in 2025.
While only 3 countries were below the Health of Infants and Children
population replacement level of 2.1 babies ● The infant mortality rate per 1000 live births
in 1955, there will be 102 such countries by was 148 in 1955; 59 in 1995; and is
2025 projected to be 29 in 2025. The under-5
mortality rates per 1000 live births for the
Life expectancy same years are 210, 78 and 37
● Average life expectancy at birth in 1955 respectively.
was just 48 years; in 1995 it was 65 years; ● By 2025 there will still be 5 million deaths
in 2025 it will reach 73 years. among children under five - 97% of them in
● By the year 2025, it is expected that no the developing world, and most of them
country will have a life expectancy of less due to infectious diseases such as
than 50 years. pneumonia and diarrhea, combined with
● Over 5 billion people in 120 countries today malnutrition.
have life expectancy of more than 60 years. ● There are still 24 million low-birthweight
● About 300 million people live in 16 babies born every year. They are more
countries where life expectancy actually likely to die early, and those who survive
decreased between 1975-1995 may suffer illness, stunted growth or even
problems into adult life.
● About 50% of deaths among children under
Age Structure of Death 5 are associated with malnutrition.
● In 1955, 40% of all deaths were among ● At least two million a year of the under-five
children under 5 years, 10% were in 5-19 deaths could be prevented by existing
about:blank 1/24
,10/19/23, 9:53 AM CHN LEC Midterm Trans - Nursing Notes
vaccines. Most of the rest are preventable in virtually all industrialized countries, but
by other means. stomach cancer will become less common
generally, mainly because of improved food
Health of Older Children and Adolescents conservation, dietary changes and
● One of the biggest 21st century hazards to declining related infection.
children will be the continuing spread of ● Liver cancer will decrease because of the
HIV/AIDS. In 1997, 590 000 children under results of current and future immunization
15 became infected with HIV. against the hepatitis B virus in many
● The transition from childhood to adulthood countries.
will be marked for many in the coming ● In general, more than 15 million adults
years by such potentially deadly "rites of aged 20-64 are dying every year. Most of
passage" as violence, delinquency, drugs, these deaths are premature and
alcohol, motor accidents and sexual preventable.
hazards such as HIV and other sexually ● Among the premature deaths are those of
transmitted diseases.. 585 000 young women who die each year
● The number of young women aged 15-19 in pregnancy or childbirth. Most of these
will increase from 251 million in 1995 to deaths are preventable. Where women
307 million in 2025. have many pregnancies the risk of related
● In 1995, young women aged 15-19 gave death over the course of a lifetime is
birth to 17 million babies. Because of compounded. While the risk in Europe is
population increase, that number is just one in 1 400, in Asia it is one in 65, and
expected to drop only to 16 million in 2025. in Africa, one in 16
Pregnancy and childbirth in adolescence
pose higher risks for both mother and child. Health of Older People
● Cancer and heart disease are more related
Health of Adults to the 70-75 age group than any other;
● Infectious diseases will still dominate in people over 75 become more prone to
developing countries. This will be due impairments of hearing, vision, mobility and
largely to the adoption of "western" mental function.
lifestyles and their accompanying risk ● Over 80% of circulatory disease deaths
factors - smoking, high-fat diet, obesity and occur in people over 65. Worldwide,
lack of exercise. circulatory disease is the leading cause of
● In developed countries, non-communicable death and disability in people over 65
diseases will remain dominant. Heart years.
disease and stroke have declined as ● Data from France and the United States
causes of death in recent decades, while show breast cancer on average deprives
death rates from some cancers have risen. women of at least 10 years of life
● About 1.8 million adults died of AIDS in expectancy, while prostate cancer reduces
1997 and the annual death toll is likely to male average life expectancy by only one
continue to rise for some years. year.
● Diabetes cases in adults will more than ● The risk of developing dementia rises
double globally from 143 million in 1997 to steeply with age in people over 60 years.
300 million by 2025 largely because of Women are more likely to suffer than men
dietary and other lifestyle factors. because of their greater longevity
● Cancer will remain one of the leading
causes of death worldwide. Only one-third Definition and Focus
of all cancers can be cured by earlier
detection combined with effective
treatment. 1. By C.E. Winslow
● By 2025 the risk of cancer will continue to ● Public Health is the science and
increase in developing countries, with art of preventing disease,
stable if not declining rates in industrialized prolonging life, promoting health
countries. and efficiency through organized
● Cases and deaths of lung cancer and community effort for the:
colorectal cancer will increase, largely due ● sanitation of the environment
to smoking and unhealthy diet respectively. ● control of communicable
Lung cancer deaths among women will rise diseases
about:blank 2/24
, 10/19/23, 9:53 AM CHN LEC Midterm Trans - Nursing Notes
● education of individuals in functioning through teaching and
personal hygiene delivery of care.
● the organization of medical
and nursing services for the Concepts of CHN
early diagnosis and
preventive treatment of
disease ● The primary focus is on Health Promotion.
● the development of the ● Community health nurses are generalists in
social machinery to insure terms of their practice through life’s
everyone a standard of living continuum - its full range of health
adequate for the problems and needs.
maintenance of health, so ● Practice is extended to benefit not only the
organizing these benefits as individual but the whole family and
to enable every citizen to community.
realize his birthright of health ● Contact with the client and/or family may
and longevity. continue over a long period of time which
2. By DOH include all ages and types of health care.
● A unique blend of nursing and ● Nature requires utilization of current
public health practice woven into knowledge derived from biological and
a human service that, properly social sciences, ecology, clinical nursing
developed and applied, has a and community health organizations.
tremendous impact on human well ● Process of assessing, planning,
being. implementing and intervening, provide
● Its responsibilities extend to the periodic measurements of progress,
care and supervision of evaluation and a continuum of cycle until
individuals and families in their termination of nursing is implicit in the
homes, in places of work, in practice of community health nursing.
schools and clinics. ● Family is the unit of care, hence the
3. By WHO community health nurse considers the
● A special field of nursing that health needs of all members of the family in
combines the skill of nursing providing nursing services.
public health and some phases of ● The community as a whole is the locus of
social assistance and functions as service and the patient.
part of the total public health ● The goal in improving community health is
program for the promotion of realized through a multidisciplinary
health, the improvement of the approach.
conditions in the social and ● The community health nurse is deeply
physical environment, concerned with the increasing capability of
rehabilitation of illness and her four levels of clientele - individual,
disability. family, population groups and community to
4. By Freeman deal with its own recognized needs and
● A service rendered by a health problems.
professional nurse with the ● The public health nurse works with and not
community, groups, families, and for the client who is an active partner.
individuals at home, in health ● Practice is affected by changes in society in
centers, in clinics, in schools, in general; and by development in the health
places of work for the promotion field in particular.
of health, prevention of illness, ● Community health nursing is a part of
care of the sick at home and functions within a large and complex
rehabilitation system and any change in this system
5. By Jacobson affects it.
● A learned practice discipline with
the ultimate goal of contributing, Philosophy, Goal & Objectives
as individuals and in collaboration
with others, to the promotion of
the client’s optimal level of ● According to Dr. Margaret Shetland, the
philosophy of Community Health Nursing is
about:blank 3/24
year-olds, 28% were among adults aged
20-64, and 21% were among the over-65s.
Global and National Health Situation ● In 1995, only 21% of all deaths were
among the under-5s, 7% among those
Population 5-19, 29% among those 20-64, and 43%
● The global population was 2.8 billion in among the over-65s.
1955 and is 5.8 billion now. It will increase ● By 2025, 8% of all deaths will be in the
by nearly 80 million people a year to reach under-5s, 3% among 5-19 year-olds, 27%
about 8 billion by the year 2025. among 20-64 year-olds and 63% among
● In 1955, 68% of the global population lived the over-65s
in rural areas and 32% in urban areas. In
1995 the ratio was 55% rural and 45% Leading Causes of Death
urban; by 2025 it will be 41% rural and 59% ● In 1997, of a global total of 52.2 million
urban. deaths, 17.3 million were due to infectious
● giving a natural increase of about 220 000 and parasitic diseases; 15.3 million were
people a day. due to circulatory diseases; 6.2 million were
● Today's population is made up of 613 due to cancer; 2.9 million were due to
million children under 5; 1.7 billion children respiratory diseases, mainly chronic
and adolescents aged 5-19; 3.1 billion obstructive pulmonary disease; and 3.6
adults aged 20-64; and 390 million over 65. million were due to perinatal conditions.
● The number of people aged over 65 will ● Leading causes of death from infectious
rise from 390 million now to 800 million by diseases were acute lower respiratory
2025 - reaching 10% of the total population. infections (3.7 million), tuberculosis (2.9
● By 2025, increases of up to 300% of the million), diarrhea (2.5 million), HIV/AIDS
older population are expected in many (2.3 million) and malaria (1.5-2.7 million).
developing countries, especially in Latin ● Most deaths from circulatory diseases were
America and Asia. coronary heart disease (7.2 million),
● Globally, the population of children under 5 cerebrovascular disease (4.6 million), and
will grow by just 0.25% annually between other heart diseases (3 million).
1995-2025, while the population over 65 ● Leading causes of death from cancers
years will grow by 2.6%. were those of the lung (1.1 million),
● The average number of babies per woman stomach (765 000), colon and rectum (525
of child-bearing age was 5.0 in 1955, falling 000) liver, (505 000), and breast (385 000).
to 2.9 in 1995 and reaching 2.3 in 2025.
While only 3 countries were below the Health of Infants and Children
population replacement level of 2.1 babies ● The infant mortality rate per 1000 live births
in 1955, there will be 102 such countries by was 148 in 1955; 59 in 1995; and is
2025 projected to be 29 in 2025. The under-5
mortality rates per 1000 live births for the
Life expectancy same years are 210, 78 and 37
● Average life expectancy at birth in 1955 respectively.
was just 48 years; in 1995 it was 65 years; ● By 2025 there will still be 5 million deaths
in 2025 it will reach 73 years. among children under five - 97% of them in
● By the year 2025, it is expected that no the developing world, and most of them
country will have a life expectancy of less due to infectious diseases such as
than 50 years. pneumonia and diarrhea, combined with
● Over 5 billion people in 120 countries today malnutrition.
have life expectancy of more than 60 years. ● There are still 24 million low-birthweight
● About 300 million people live in 16 babies born every year. They are more
countries where life expectancy actually likely to die early, and those who survive
decreased between 1975-1995 may suffer illness, stunted growth or even
problems into adult life.
● About 50% of deaths among children under
Age Structure of Death 5 are associated with malnutrition.
● In 1955, 40% of all deaths were among ● At least two million a year of the under-five
children under 5 years, 10% were in 5-19 deaths could be prevented by existing
about:blank 1/24
,10/19/23, 9:53 AM CHN LEC Midterm Trans - Nursing Notes
vaccines. Most of the rest are preventable in virtually all industrialized countries, but
by other means. stomach cancer will become less common
generally, mainly because of improved food
Health of Older Children and Adolescents conservation, dietary changes and
● One of the biggest 21st century hazards to declining related infection.
children will be the continuing spread of ● Liver cancer will decrease because of the
HIV/AIDS. In 1997, 590 000 children under results of current and future immunization
15 became infected with HIV. against the hepatitis B virus in many
● The transition from childhood to adulthood countries.
will be marked for many in the coming ● In general, more than 15 million adults
years by such potentially deadly "rites of aged 20-64 are dying every year. Most of
passage" as violence, delinquency, drugs, these deaths are premature and
alcohol, motor accidents and sexual preventable.
hazards such as HIV and other sexually ● Among the premature deaths are those of
transmitted diseases.. 585 000 young women who die each year
● The number of young women aged 15-19 in pregnancy or childbirth. Most of these
will increase from 251 million in 1995 to deaths are preventable. Where women
307 million in 2025. have many pregnancies the risk of related
● In 1995, young women aged 15-19 gave death over the course of a lifetime is
birth to 17 million babies. Because of compounded. While the risk in Europe is
population increase, that number is just one in 1 400, in Asia it is one in 65, and
expected to drop only to 16 million in 2025. in Africa, one in 16
Pregnancy and childbirth in adolescence
pose higher risks for both mother and child. Health of Older People
● Cancer and heart disease are more related
Health of Adults to the 70-75 age group than any other;
● Infectious diseases will still dominate in people over 75 become more prone to
developing countries. This will be due impairments of hearing, vision, mobility and
largely to the adoption of "western" mental function.
lifestyles and their accompanying risk ● Over 80% of circulatory disease deaths
factors - smoking, high-fat diet, obesity and occur in people over 65. Worldwide,
lack of exercise. circulatory disease is the leading cause of
● In developed countries, non-communicable death and disability in people over 65
diseases will remain dominant. Heart years.
disease and stroke have declined as ● Data from France and the United States
causes of death in recent decades, while show breast cancer on average deprives
death rates from some cancers have risen. women of at least 10 years of life
● About 1.8 million adults died of AIDS in expectancy, while prostate cancer reduces
1997 and the annual death toll is likely to male average life expectancy by only one
continue to rise for some years. year.
● Diabetes cases in adults will more than ● The risk of developing dementia rises
double globally from 143 million in 1997 to steeply with age in people over 60 years.
300 million by 2025 largely because of Women are more likely to suffer than men
dietary and other lifestyle factors. because of their greater longevity
● Cancer will remain one of the leading
causes of death worldwide. Only one-third Definition and Focus
of all cancers can be cured by earlier
detection combined with effective
treatment. 1. By C.E. Winslow
● By 2025 the risk of cancer will continue to ● Public Health is the science and
increase in developing countries, with art of preventing disease,
stable if not declining rates in industrialized prolonging life, promoting health
countries. and efficiency through organized
● Cases and deaths of lung cancer and community effort for the:
colorectal cancer will increase, largely due ● sanitation of the environment
to smoking and unhealthy diet respectively. ● control of communicable
Lung cancer deaths among women will rise diseases
about:blank 2/24
, 10/19/23, 9:53 AM CHN LEC Midterm Trans - Nursing Notes
● education of individuals in functioning through teaching and
personal hygiene delivery of care.
● the organization of medical
and nursing services for the Concepts of CHN
early diagnosis and
preventive treatment of
disease ● The primary focus is on Health Promotion.
● the development of the ● Community health nurses are generalists in
social machinery to insure terms of their practice through life’s
everyone a standard of living continuum - its full range of health
adequate for the problems and needs.
maintenance of health, so ● Practice is extended to benefit not only the
organizing these benefits as individual but the whole family and
to enable every citizen to community.
realize his birthright of health ● Contact with the client and/or family may
and longevity. continue over a long period of time which
2. By DOH include all ages and types of health care.
● A unique blend of nursing and ● Nature requires utilization of current
public health practice woven into knowledge derived from biological and
a human service that, properly social sciences, ecology, clinical nursing
developed and applied, has a and community health organizations.
tremendous impact on human well ● Process of assessing, planning,
being. implementing and intervening, provide
● Its responsibilities extend to the periodic measurements of progress,
care and supervision of evaluation and a continuum of cycle until
individuals and families in their termination of nursing is implicit in the
homes, in places of work, in practice of community health nursing.
schools and clinics. ● Family is the unit of care, hence the
3. By WHO community health nurse considers the
● A special field of nursing that health needs of all members of the family in
combines the skill of nursing providing nursing services.
public health and some phases of ● The community as a whole is the locus of
social assistance and functions as service and the patient.
part of the total public health ● The goal in improving community health is
program for the promotion of realized through a multidisciplinary
health, the improvement of the approach.
conditions in the social and ● The community health nurse is deeply
physical environment, concerned with the increasing capability of
rehabilitation of illness and her four levels of clientele - individual,
disability. family, population groups and community to
4. By Freeman deal with its own recognized needs and
● A service rendered by a health problems.
professional nurse with the ● The public health nurse works with and not
community, groups, families, and for the client who is an active partner.
individuals at home, in health ● Practice is affected by changes in society in
centers, in clinics, in schools, in general; and by development in the health
places of work for the promotion field in particular.
of health, prevention of illness, ● Community health nursing is a part of
care of the sick at home and functions within a large and complex
rehabilitation system and any change in this system
5. By Jacobson affects it.
● A learned practice discipline with
the ultimate goal of contributing, Philosophy, Goal & Objectives
as individuals and in collaboration
with others, to the promotion of
the client’s optimal level of ● According to Dr. Margaret Shetland, the
philosophy of Community Health Nursing is
about:blank 3/24
