Introduction to Clinical Pharmacology Test Quiz Complete Solution 20232024

Introduction to Clinical Pharmacology Test Quiz Complete Solution 20232024 What is the definition of clinical pharmacology? correct answers A discipline spanning the spectrum of drug delivery, drug development, drug utilization, and drug regulation What are the words for the following blanks? Clinical Pharmacology is aimed at advancing therapeutics in humans with mechanistic understanding of drug actions _____ and drug disposition _____ correct answers pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics What is the definition of translational sciences? correct answers Knowledge acquired in animal or in silico models of disease, ex-vivo studies in human tissues, or in vivo studies in healthy or diseased humans is translated into effective treatment for patients What is the starting dose of Phase I trial? correct answers one tenth of LD50 for cancer or phytotoxins What are the professional goals of clinical pharmacologists? correct answers Discover, develop and evaluate new medicines, regulate their use Optimize the use of existing medicines, find new indications Define the basis for variability in therapeutic and toxic responses to medicines What is the measurement to see whether some toxicities can be managed and may be acceptable? correct answers risk/benefit ratio What is the characteristic of Risk/Benefit ratio? correct answers It is contextual, which tells you it is depending on the drug and disease that we intend to treat For example, it is not the same to consider potentially serious toxicity for a drug intended to treat HYT, which is a medical condition that needs lifelong therapy, compared to treatment of cancer, a disease that is potentially lethal over the short term, and that requires very intense treatment with combination of drugs that have very significant toxicity _____ is a condition or brings up situations, if you will, where an underlying genetic variant may predispose individuals to severe toxicity to drugs correct answers Genetics What is the name of genetic variant and the name of antiviral drug? Individuals that carry _____ variant are at very high risk of _____ hypersensitivity. This drug is used in the treatment of HIV infections and AIDS, and prior to instituting treatment with the drug, every pt is first tested for this variant, _____, and alternatives must be found if the patient have the variant correct answers HLA-B*5701 and abacavir What is the name drug that causes the-drug-induced liver disease (DILI) and the name of variant associated with this DILI? correct answers Flucoxacillin and HLA-B *5701 What is the name of genetic variant and the name of drug? _____ may predispose to severe _____-induced, a serious cutaneous ADR that actually can be fatal correct answers HLA-B*1502 and Carbamazepine What is the name of drug-induced disease associated with HLA-B*1502? correct answers Stevens-Johnson syndrome What is the name of disease exemplified as unacceptable drug toxicity that induces an abnormal, life-threatening episode/ADR of the polymorphic ventricular tachycardia that you might be able to see in ECG record correct answers Torsades de Pointes What is the name of drug that was historically the first non-sedating antihistamine under the brand name of Seldane, but subsequently withdrawn from the market due to the risk of drug-induced arrhythmias? correct answers Terfenadine What are the words in the blanks? _____ is carboxylic metabolite of _____ which is a non-sedating antihistamine under the brandname of Allegra but does not have the risk of a drug-induced arrhythmia. Recently it is also called _____ correct answers Terfenadine Carboxylate, Terfenadine, and Fexofenadine What would we learn from the examples of Terfenadine and its carboxylic metabolite? correct answers It brings us to consider and remember the importance of studying drug metabolism and assessing whether metabolites are also pharmacologically active or are otherwise inactive ones, whether transformation has taken place What is the name of drug that was not allowed to enter the US market after approved in the US due to some severe toxicity to unborn children expressed by prenatal drug exposure: an epidemic worldwide of phocomelia, children born with severe defects in terms of their limbs correct answers Thalidomide What is the starting step in development and evaluation of new drugs? correct answers Drug discovery What is the step that animal testing of candidate drugs and evaluation to demonstrate safety in humans and whether or not the drug is effective in a given clinical condition while conducted in development and evaluation of new drugs? correct answers Pre-clinical and clinical evaluation What is the step in which, once the drug enters the market, experts continue to evaluate for the possibility of rare ADRs that were not discovered in the pre-approval stage, and also performing studies in special populations like geriatric and pediatric populations? correct answers Post-marketing studies What are done in Pre-Clinical Development? correct answers Chemical Synthesis and Formulation Development