BIO 12: ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100%
VERIFIED
what is the endocrine system? ✔✔a system that regulates and coordinates functions of organs
throughout the body. It uses hormones with slow & long acting responses and is controlled by
the nervous system. It also controls growth, development,reproduction, behaviour, energy
metabolism and water balance
2 main components of the endocrine system? Explain each ✔✔1. Glands→ the functional units
of the endocrine system that makes chemicals that're secreted into the blood
2. Hormones → chemical messengers that are made by the glands and must meet certain criteria.
They're cleaved/split by enzymes in cells, in the blood or in the liver/kidneys in order to be
reused or exerted. There's 2 categories of hormones
2 categories of hormones? ✔✔1. Non-targeted hormones- affect any cell throughout the body
(ex.growth hormone).
2.Target hormones- affect a specific cells (ex gastrin which causes stomach cells to make pepsin)
,list the criteria of hormones ✔✔1. Are secreted by a specific gland
2. Are secreted into the blood
3.Regulate the processes of cells in another body part from where they were produced
4.Only small amounts are required to have the desired effect
5.Affect the metabolism of a target cell by speeding it up or slowing it down
2 types of hormones ✔✔1. steroid hormones
2. protein hormones
EXPLAIN THE FOLLOWING TYPE OF HORMONE:
steroid hormones ✔✔are made from cholesterol and complex rings of carbon,hydrogen and
oxygen. They're lipid soluble, thus, they bind with a protein carrier to form a water soluble
complex & diffuse into blood. They include aldosterone, cortisol and sex hormones (testosterone
& estrogen) and work in certain ways:
explain 2 methods that steroids hormones work in ✔✔1. They can diffuse into the blood and
travel to specific target cells where they cross the cell membrane through pores and bind to a
receptor in the cytosol or nucleus
, 2. The hormone receptor complex is brought into the nucleus and binds to the DNA, causing the
activation of a gene. This causes a specific protein to be made that has an effect on the cell.
Ex. when blood pressure is low, aldosterone is secreted by the adrenal gland and travels to the
kidneys. When it binds to a receptor, it causes the production of a protein that increases sodium
reabsorption. This increases water retention leading to an increase in blood pressure.
EXPLAIN THE FOLLOWING TYPE OF HORMONE:
protein hormones ✔✔are made up of amino acids (3-200) and exist in two main forms
2 main forms of protein hormones & explain each ✔✔1. Catecholamine- simple molecules based
on the amino acid tyrosine (epinephrine)
2. Peptide- short chain of 5 amino acids (oxytocin), medium chain of 32 amino acids
(endorphins) and long chain of 60 amino acids (insulin). They're water soluble and travel quickly
in the blood, and work using a process called the second messenger system.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100%
VERIFIED
what is the endocrine system? ✔✔a system that regulates and coordinates functions of organs
throughout the body. It uses hormones with slow & long acting responses and is controlled by
the nervous system. It also controls growth, development,reproduction, behaviour, energy
metabolism and water balance
2 main components of the endocrine system? Explain each ✔✔1. Glands→ the functional units
of the endocrine system that makes chemicals that're secreted into the blood
2. Hormones → chemical messengers that are made by the glands and must meet certain criteria.
They're cleaved/split by enzymes in cells, in the blood or in the liver/kidneys in order to be
reused or exerted. There's 2 categories of hormones
2 categories of hormones? ✔✔1. Non-targeted hormones- affect any cell throughout the body
(ex.growth hormone).
2.Target hormones- affect a specific cells (ex gastrin which causes stomach cells to make pepsin)
,list the criteria of hormones ✔✔1. Are secreted by a specific gland
2. Are secreted into the blood
3.Regulate the processes of cells in another body part from where they were produced
4.Only small amounts are required to have the desired effect
5.Affect the metabolism of a target cell by speeding it up or slowing it down
2 types of hormones ✔✔1. steroid hormones
2. protein hormones
EXPLAIN THE FOLLOWING TYPE OF HORMONE:
steroid hormones ✔✔are made from cholesterol and complex rings of carbon,hydrogen and
oxygen. They're lipid soluble, thus, they bind with a protein carrier to form a water soluble
complex & diffuse into blood. They include aldosterone, cortisol and sex hormones (testosterone
& estrogen) and work in certain ways:
explain 2 methods that steroids hormones work in ✔✔1. They can diffuse into the blood and
travel to specific target cells where they cross the cell membrane through pores and bind to a
receptor in the cytosol or nucleus
, 2. The hormone receptor complex is brought into the nucleus and binds to the DNA, causing the
activation of a gene. This causes a specific protein to be made that has an effect on the cell.
Ex. when blood pressure is low, aldosterone is secreted by the adrenal gland and travels to the
kidneys. When it binds to a receptor, it causes the production of a protein that increases sodium
reabsorption. This increases water retention leading to an increase in blood pressure.
EXPLAIN THE FOLLOWING TYPE OF HORMONE:
protein hormones ✔✔are made up of amino acids (3-200) and exist in two main forms
2 main forms of protein hormones & explain each ✔✔1. Catecholamine- simple molecules based
on the amino acid tyrosine (epinephrine)
2. Peptide- short chain of 5 amino acids (oxytocin), medium chain of 32 amino acids
(endorphins) and long chain of 60 amino acids (insulin). They're water soluble and travel quickly
in the blood, and work using a process called the second messenger system.
