APHY 102 Midterm Exam - Ivy Tech
GRADED A 2023/2024
What is a hormone and how does it act? - CORRECT ANSWER
Hormones are chemical messengers that are responsible for regulation.
They are secreted into body fluids, mainly blood. It has specific actions on
target tissues, which are any tissue that has specific receptors for that
particular hormone.
What is a paracrine gland? - CORRECT ANSWER a secretion that enters
interstitial fluid but affects only neighboring cells
What is an autocrine gland? - CORRECT ANSWER A secretion that only
affects the secreting cell.
What is an endocrine gland? - CORRECT ANSWER A gland that
secretes a substance (a hormone) into the bloodstream and act on target
cells
What is an exocrine gland? - CORRECT ANSWER A ducted gland that
produces a secretion onto a body surface.
Where is the thymus located? - CORRECT ANSWER mediastinum;
behind the sternum
Where is the pineal gland located? - CORRECT ANSWER center of brain
Where are the reproductive organs located? - CORRECT ANSWER
abdomen; pelvic
Where is the pituitary gland located? - CORRECT ANSWER sella turcica
of the sphenoid bone; base of the brain
Where are the adrenal glands located? - CORRECT ANSWER on top of
each kidney
,Where is the pancreas located? - CORRECT ANSWER posterior to the
stomach
What are the two steroid hormones? - CORRECT ANSWER Sex
hormones and adrenal cortex hormones; estrogen and testosterone
Describe steroid hormones - CORRECT ANSWER -diffuse through cell
membranes into cytoplasm or nucleus
-combine with a receptor molecule binding to DNA
-promote transcription of mRNA
-mRNA enters cytoplasm directing protein synthesis
Describe non-steroid hormones. - CORRECT ANSWER Amines,
proteins, peptides, and glycoproteins. The endocrine gland secretes
nonsteroid hormones, which body fluid carries hormone to its target cell.
Hormone combines with receptor site on membrane of its target cell,
activating G protein. Cellular changes produce the hormone's effects.
How is the anterior pituitary gland different than the posterior pituitary
gland? - CORRECT ANSWER The anterior pituitary becomes an
endocrine gland producing and secreting hormones for the body and
connects to the posterior pituitary when fully formed. Meanwhile, the
posterior pituitary remains connected to the hypothalamus, functioning as a
repository for hormones produced by the hypothalamus and receiving
messages from it that regulate when hormones are to be released to and
through the anterior pituitary
What regulates pituitary gland secretion? - CORRECT ANSWER
Hypothalamus
Describe tropic hormones - CORRECT ANSWER stimulate other
endocrine glands to release hormones
anterior pituitary hormones - CORRECT ANSWER ACTH - controls
manufacture and secretion of certain hormones from the outer layer of the
adrenal gland.
FSH - controls growth and development of follicles that house egg cells in
ovaries and stimulate production of sperm cells in the testes.
GH - stimulates cells to enlarge and more rapidly divide
, LH - promotes secretion of sex hormones and allows release of egg cells
from ovaries
PRL - promotes milk production
TSH - controls secretion of certain hormones from the thyroid
posterior pituitary hormones - CORRECT ANSWER ADH - reduces
volume of water that kidneys secrete
Oxytocin - smooth muscle contraction and allows contraction of the uterus
during childbirth and may stimulate the movement of certain fluids in the
male reproductive tract during sexual activity
Thyroid hormones - CORRECT ANSWER Calcitonin - controls blood
calcium and phosphate ion concentration
Thyroxine(T4) - more prevalent in circulation
Triiodothyronine(T3) - more potent than T4
Parathyroid hormones - CORRECT ANSWER PTH - increases blood
calcium ion concentration and decreases blood phosphate ion
concentration through actions in the bones, kidneys, and intestines
adrenal medulla hormones - CORRECT ANSWER epinephrine and
norepinephrine - increase heart rate, BP, breathing, decrease digestion
adrenal cortex hormones - CORRECT ANSWER Aldosterone - helps
regulate concentration of sodium and potassium ions
Cortisol - affects glucose metabolism and influences proteins and fat
metabolism
Pancreas hormones - CORRECT ANSWER Glucagon - stimulates liver
to break down glycogen into glucose
Insulin - stimulates the liver to form glycogen from glucose
Somatostatin - helps regulate glucose metabolism by inhibiting secretion of
glucagon and insulin
pineal gland hormone - CORRECT ANSWER Melatonin - made from
serotonin and regulates circadian rhythms
Thymus Gland Hormones - CORRECT ANSWER Thymosins - affect
production and differentiation of T lymphocytes
GRADED A 2023/2024
What is a hormone and how does it act? - CORRECT ANSWER
Hormones are chemical messengers that are responsible for regulation.
They are secreted into body fluids, mainly blood. It has specific actions on
target tissues, which are any tissue that has specific receptors for that
particular hormone.
What is a paracrine gland? - CORRECT ANSWER a secretion that enters
interstitial fluid but affects only neighboring cells
What is an autocrine gland? - CORRECT ANSWER A secretion that only
affects the secreting cell.
What is an endocrine gland? - CORRECT ANSWER A gland that
secretes a substance (a hormone) into the bloodstream and act on target
cells
What is an exocrine gland? - CORRECT ANSWER A ducted gland that
produces a secretion onto a body surface.
Where is the thymus located? - CORRECT ANSWER mediastinum;
behind the sternum
Where is the pineal gland located? - CORRECT ANSWER center of brain
Where are the reproductive organs located? - CORRECT ANSWER
abdomen; pelvic
Where is the pituitary gland located? - CORRECT ANSWER sella turcica
of the sphenoid bone; base of the brain
Where are the adrenal glands located? - CORRECT ANSWER on top of
each kidney
,Where is the pancreas located? - CORRECT ANSWER posterior to the
stomach
What are the two steroid hormones? - CORRECT ANSWER Sex
hormones and adrenal cortex hormones; estrogen and testosterone
Describe steroid hormones - CORRECT ANSWER -diffuse through cell
membranes into cytoplasm or nucleus
-combine with a receptor molecule binding to DNA
-promote transcription of mRNA
-mRNA enters cytoplasm directing protein synthesis
Describe non-steroid hormones. - CORRECT ANSWER Amines,
proteins, peptides, and glycoproteins. The endocrine gland secretes
nonsteroid hormones, which body fluid carries hormone to its target cell.
Hormone combines with receptor site on membrane of its target cell,
activating G protein. Cellular changes produce the hormone's effects.
How is the anterior pituitary gland different than the posterior pituitary
gland? - CORRECT ANSWER The anterior pituitary becomes an
endocrine gland producing and secreting hormones for the body and
connects to the posterior pituitary when fully formed. Meanwhile, the
posterior pituitary remains connected to the hypothalamus, functioning as a
repository for hormones produced by the hypothalamus and receiving
messages from it that regulate when hormones are to be released to and
through the anterior pituitary
What regulates pituitary gland secretion? - CORRECT ANSWER
Hypothalamus
Describe tropic hormones - CORRECT ANSWER stimulate other
endocrine glands to release hormones
anterior pituitary hormones - CORRECT ANSWER ACTH - controls
manufacture and secretion of certain hormones from the outer layer of the
adrenal gland.
FSH - controls growth and development of follicles that house egg cells in
ovaries and stimulate production of sperm cells in the testes.
GH - stimulates cells to enlarge and more rapidly divide
, LH - promotes secretion of sex hormones and allows release of egg cells
from ovaries
PRL - promotes milk production
TSH - controls secretion of certain hormones from the thyroid
posterior pituitary hormones - CORRECT ANSWER ADH - reduces
volume of water that kidneys secrete
Oxytocin - smooth muscle contraction and allows contraction of the uterus
during childbirth and may stimulate the movement of certain fluids in the
male reproductive tract during sexual activity
Thyroid hormones - CORRECT ANSWER Calcitonin - controls blood
calcium and phosphate ion concentration
Thyroxine(T4) - more prevalent in circulation
Triiodothyronine(T3) - more potent than T4
Parathyroid hormones - CORRECT ANSWER PTH - increases blood
calcium ion concentration and decreases blood phosphate ion
concentration through actions in the bones, kidneys, and intestines
adrenal medulla hormones - CORRECT ANSWER epinephrine and
norepinephrine - increase heart rate, BP, breathing, decrease digestion
adrenal cortex hormones - CORRECT ANSWER Aldosterone - helps
regulate concentration of sodium and potassium ions
Cortisol - affects glucose metabolism and influences proteins and fat
metabolism
Pancreas hormones - CORRECT ANSWER Glucagon - stimulates liver
to break down glycogen into glucose
Insulin - stimulates the liver to form glycogen from glucose
Somatostatin - helps regulate glucose metabolism by inhibiting secretion of
glucagon and insulin
pineal gland hormone - CORRECT ANSWER Melatonin - made from
serotonin and regulates circadian rhythms
Thymus Gland Hormones - CORRECT ANSWER Thymosins - affect
production and differentiation of T lymphocytes
