§3.1 (Classification of animals)
The animal kingdom is divided by 7 phyla. That phyla
is divided by classes.
§3.2 (Sponges)
Sponges are aquatic animals. Aquatic animals live in
the water. They are attached to rocks or corals at the
bottom of the ocean. The body of a sponge does not
have a circulatory or nervous system. Their body has
an outer layer covered with tiny holes which are
connected with the soft structure within. The body of a
sponge has countless tiny openings through which
water flows in and out. Tiny fragments of a sponge
body can break off and grow into a whole new sponge.
This is called fragmentation. However, some sponges
produce sperm cells that can swim towards an egg cell
in another sponge. Then, larvae will develop which
attach themselves to a rock. Once attached to this rocky
surface, the adults stay in one place for their whole life.
Sea sponges have a lifespan of a few months up to 20
years.
§3.3 (Cnidarians)
Cnidarians have one opening which serves both as a
mouth for eating and as an anus for getting rid of
waste. Around the mouth are tentacles with stinging
cells. Cnidarians use them to paralyse prey and push it
into their mouths. Radial symmetry is when you can split a figure or animal into two or more slides and it’s
still the same at each side. Bilateral symmetry is when you can split a figure in two slides and it’s still the
same. When a figure or animal has asymmetry, you can’t split it and it’s still the same.
Predators are animals that catch prey for food. Prey is the animal that is captured and eaten by the predator.
A coral consists of thousands of small polyps living together in a big colony. Inside these polyps you can
find a plant-like organism; an algae. A symbiosis is a close and long-term biological interaction between two
different biological organisms where both organisms benefit from this interaction. The algae carries out the
photosynthesis, and the products of this process serve as food for the polyp. It also gives the coral it’s bright
colour. In return the polyp provides shelter and nutrients for the algae. A hydrostatic skeleton is a fluid filled
chamber that gives the body its shape. An exoskeleton is a skeleton that is made from a hard substance and
covers the outside of the body. An endoskeleton is a hard structure that is located within the soft structures of
the body.
, §3.4 (Worms)
All worms have long, thin bodies. They are mostly bilateral symmetric and do not have a skeleton. They
usually have a mouth through which food enters, and an anus through which waste leaves the body. There
are three types of worms:
segmented worms, roundworms
and flatworms.
The body of a segmented worm
shows ring-like structures, you
call that segments. Inside worms
you find blood vessels, a tiny
brain and a digestive tract
through which food travels from
mouth to anus. Earthworms eat
soil that moves through the
digestive tract. Little pieces of
plant and animal matter in the
soil are food for the worm. It excretes everything that is left over.
Roundworms have long bodies that look like threads that are smooth on the outside. They live in the soil.
Some roundworms are also parasites. Parasites are Organisms that cause disease but usually do not kill the
organism they feed on. Roundworms can also live in the human body, this is called a roundworm infection, it
can cause harm. Roundworm eggs live in soil and contaminated faeces (poo). The eggs can get into the body
through the mouth. They then pass down the intestine and young worms (larvae) will hatch from them.
Flatworms have long, flat bodies. Some are so small and flat that they do not even have muscles. They live in
water and can absorb food right through their skin. Some flatworms are parasites because they live inside
animals and can cause problems in their hosts.
§3.5 (Molluscs)
All molluscs are soft bodied animals. Many of them have an external skeleton that we call a shell, which
function is protection. All molluscs have a shell. Molluscs have various organ systems such as a muscular
system, circulatory system and nervous system. A Mantle is a layer of skin that protects the internal organs.
Molluscs have a muscular foot for movement. This foot is attached to the head of the animal. This head has
eyestalks and feelers that are used for sensing.
Molluscs that live in water are filter feeders. They filter small particles out of the water. However, some
aquatic molluscs are predators that hunt for food. Molluscs that live on land can feed on many
things.Sponges, cnidarians and worms take up oxygen from their surroundings right through their skin.
Molluscs have either gills or lungs. Gills are organs that can absorb oxygen from the water into the body.
Lungs are organs that absorb oxygen out of the air.
The mouth of octopuses, squids and cuttlefish are at the base of the foot. The foot has long tentacles that are
used to catch prey. Octopuses have eight arms, squid and cuttlefish have ten arms. They all have soft bodies,
and can change the colour of their skin. They can also squirt ink from ink sacs that are located between the
gills to escape from their enemies. Octopuses do not have a skeleton. Squids and cuttlefish have a shell
inside their body.
§3.6 (Echinoderms)
The animal kingdom is divided by 7 phyla. That phyla
is divided by classes.
§3.2 (Sponges)
Sponges are aquatic animals. Aquatic animals live in
the water. They are attached to rocks or corals at the
bottom of the ocean. The body of a sponge does not
have a circulatory or nervous system. Their body has
an outer layer covered with tiny holes which are
connected with the soft structure within. The body of a
sponge has countless tiny openings through which
water flows in and out. Tiny fragments of a sponge
body can break off and grow into a whole new sponge.
This is called fragmentation. However, some sponges
produce sperm cells that can swim towards an egg cell
in another sponge. Then, larvae will develop which
attach themselves to a rock. Once attached to this rocky
surface, the adults stay in one place for their whole life.
Sea sponges have a lifespan of a few months up to 20
years.
§3.3 (Cnidarians)
Cnidarians have one opening which serves both as a
mouth for eating and as an anus for getting rid of
waste. Around the mouth are tentacles with stinging
cells. Cnidarians use them to paralyse prey and push it
into their mouths. Radial symmetry is when you can split a figure or animal into two or more slides and it’s
still the same at each side. Bilateral symmetry is when you can split a figure in two slides and it’s still the
same. When a figure or animal has asymmetry, you can’t split it and it’s still the same.
Predators are animals that catch prey for food. Prey is the animal that is captured and eaten by the predator.
A coral consists of thousands of small polyps living together in a big colony. Inside these polyps you can
find a plant-like organism; an algae. A symbiosis is a close and long-term biological interaction between two
different biological organisms where both organisms benefit from this interaction. The algae carries out the
photosynthesis, and the products of this process serve as food for the polyp. It also gives the coral it’s bright
colour. In return the polyp provides shelter and nutrients for the algae. A hydrostatic skeleton is a fluid filled
chamber that gives the body its shape. An exoskeleton is a skeleton that is made from a hard substance and
covers the outside of the body. An endoskeleton is a hard structure that is located within the soft structures of
the body.
, §3.4 (Worms)
All worms have long, thin bodies. They are mostly bilateral symmetric and do not have a skeleton. They
usually have a mouth through which food enters, and an anus through which waste leaves the body. There
are three types of worms:
segmented worms, roundworms
and flatworms.
The body of a segmented worm
shows ring-like structures, you
call that segments. Inside worms
you find blood vessels, a tiny
brain and a digestive tract
through which food travels from
mouth to anus. Earthworms eat
soil that moves through the
digestive tract. Little pieces of
plant and animal matter in the
soil are food for the worm. It excretes everything that is left over.
Roundworms have long bodies that look like threads that are smooth on the outside. They live in the soil.
Some roundworms are also parasites. Parasites are Organisms that cause disease but usually do not kill the
organism they feed on. Roundworms can also live in the human body, this is called a roundworm infection, it
can cause harm. Roundworm eggs live in soil and contaminated faeces (poo). The eggs can get into the body
through the mouth. They then pass down the intestine and young worms (larvae) will hatch from them.
Flatworms have long, flat bodies. Some are so small and flat that they do not even have muscles. They live in
water and can absorb food right through their skin. Some flatworms are parasites because they live inside
animals and can cause problems in their hosts.
§3.5 (Molluscs)
All molluscs are soft bodied animals. Many of them have an external skeleton that we call a shell, which
function is protection. All molluscs have a shell. Molluscs have various organ systems such as a muscular
system, circulatory system and nervous system. A Mantle is a layer of skin that protects the internal organs.
Molluscs have a muscular foot for movement. This foot is attached to the head of the animal. This head has
eyestalks and feelers that are used for sensing.
Molluscs that live in water are filter feeders. They filter small particles out of the water. However, some
aquatic molluscs are predators that hunt for food. Molluscs that live on land can feed on many
things.Sponges, cnidarians and worms take up oxygen from their surroundings right through their skin.
Molluscs have either gills or lungs. Gills are organs that can absorb oxygen from the water into the body.
Lungs are organs that absorb oxygen out of the air.
The mouth of octopuses, squids and cuttlefish are at the base of the foot. The foot has long tentacles that are
used to catch prey. Octopuses have eight arms, squid and cuttlefish have ten arms. They all have soft bodies,
and can change the colour of their skin. They can also squirt ink from ink sacs that are located between the
gills to escape from their enemies. Octopuses do not have a skeleton. Squids and cuttlefish have a shell
inside their body.
§3.6 (Echinoderms)
