NTR 330 Final Exam (Answered) 100% Complete
Solution 2023/2024
Peer-reviewed literature is the gold standard for scientific information.
True
Epidemiologic studies are short term.
False
Nutrition screening identifies individuals at-risk that might benefit from further
nutrition assessment.
True
DASH stands for:
Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension
If the scientific understanding of a nutrient is insufficient to determine the EAR,
another recommendation is made for this nutrient that is judged to meet or
exceed the needs of a healthy population. What is the name of this
recommendation?
AI
Results from the DASH studies showed that the most effect diet to lower blood
pressure was:
A combination diet high in fruit, vegetables, low-fat dairy, and low saturated fat,
cholesterol, and sodium
The public health goals of the country are found in:
Healthy People 2020
Laura is a new dietitian working for WIC (The Special Supplemental Nutrition
Program for Women, Infants, and Children). How can she ensure that her practice
is evidence-based?
- Help WIC participants understand how to distinguish reputable nutrition information on
the Internet
- Read peer-reviewed literature to say up-to-date on the latest nutrition research
- Understand the basics of nutrition science, such as physiology and biochemistry
Which of the following are sources of peer-reviewed nutrition literature?
- MEDLINE
- PubMed
- The Cochrane Library
Assuming the study is well-designed and well-executed, which of the following
study designs is at the top of the hierarchy of evidence?
Systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials (RCTs)
Which of the following is true about dietary assessment?
- There are strengths and limitations of each nutrition assessment method
- Nutrition assessment measures indicators of dietary status
What is NHANES?
A major diet and health survey used to assess the nutritional status of the U.S.
population
AI
UL
,EAR
RDA
-recommended intake in the absence of sufficient evidence to establish a definitive
value
-highest level of continued daily intake unlikely to pose an adverse health effect
-level estimated to meet the requirements of half of healthy individuals
-level estimated to meet the nutrient requirements of 98% of healthy individuals
Dietary Guidelines
Healthy People 2020
DRIs
MyPlate
- Evidence-based recommendations for food to promote health and reduce risk of
chronic disease for healthy Americans
- Health promotion and disease prevention goals
- Requirements for specific nutrient substances specified by age, gender, and life stage
- Pictoral representation of federal health recommendations
Describe how to assess an article from peer-reviewed literature. Include in your
answer a consideration for at least 3 sections of these articles.
When assessing an article from peer-reviewed literature, it is incredibly important to first
thoroughly analyze the quality of the study. I am searching for credibility and for
minimized bias in the diction used by the writers. In terms of considering a section from
the article, it is during this search for credibility that I look at the "references" section. I
assess their works cited and make sure they the quality of the study is high.
It is also incredibly important to assess the quantity of the studies, more specifically,
their sample size. The "data analysis" section of the article is useful in analyzing this
topic.
Analyzing the consistency of the results is yet another important step in evaluating the
strength of a body of scientific evidence. For this step, I would refer to the "results"
section of the article. Are there numbers consistent throughout the paper?
The last main piece to take into account is the design of their study. For this step, I
would refer to the "materials and methods" section of these articles. Was their practice
efficient? Could they have chosen a better sample size? Was the study-type they chose
the best decision for their desired results?
Case control studies are used to determine if there were potential exposures in
relation to a disease outcome.
True
The Nurses Health Study is an example of a study with a cohort.
True
Clinical trials test an intervention.
True
The type of study design used depends on the research question being asked.
True
Early nutritional investigations focused on identifying deficiency diseases
associated with vitamin and mineral deficiencies, not chronic diseases.
True
Descriptive studies are _____ rigorous compared to analytical designs.
, Less
What is a strength of a cross-sectional/prevalence study design?
It is good for studying diseases with a longer latency.
Which of the following is a measure of incidence in a population?
The number of new cases of breast cancer in a community hospital over one year.
Which dietary assessment methods would be best used for used to determine the
current dietary patterns of a specific population?
Food Frequency Questionnaire
What is the purpose of nutritional epidemiology?
Identify targets for intervention that could reduce the burden of disease within a
population
Which of the following would help establish causality between an exposure and
outcome?
- Results have been confirmed across multiple replicated studies
- A plausible mechanism between the cause and effect has been identified
How does a confounder affect the validity of dietary data?
It makes it look like there's a relationship between the outcome and exposure when
there may not be one
How can nutritional epidemiology be used in the work of a public health
nutritionist?
- Monitor the effectiveness of health interventions in a community
- Creation of health promotion media
- Identify health problems in a community
- Preparation and implementation of nutrition policy change
Ecological/correlational
Clinical/controlled trial
Cross-sectional/prevalence
Cohort
Case-control
- Examines relationships between an risk factor and a disease outcome at the
population level
- Applies a controlled intervention to test the effect in prevention or treatment of disease;
investigators assign who receives treatment and what treatment is given
- Creates a "snapshot" of an existing disease and factors that may be associated
- Examines relationships between an exposure and a disease outcome at the
population level; subjects are followed over time and information on exposures is
collected prior to the development of disease
- Used to determine potential exposures in relation to a disease outcome; a group with
the disease is recruited and compared to an equivalent group without disease
Describe 3 challenges associated with drawing connections between diet and
disease outcomes. Please do not just list them, but make sure to describe your
answer
A main challenge that is associated with drawing connections between diet and disease
outcomes is bias. There are many dietary assessment methods that require individual
reporting including recalls and food records. Some people may be embarrassed by the
amount or quality of food that they eat, leading them to lie. Others may simply forget
Solution 2023/2024
Peer-reviewed literature is the gold standard for scientific information.
True
Epidemiologic studies are short term.
False
Nutrition screening identifies individuals at-risk that might benefit from further
nutrition assessment.
True
DASH stands for:
Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension
If the scientific understanding of a nutrient is insufficient to determine the EAR,
another recommendation is made for this nutrient that is judged to meet or
exceed the needs of a healthy population. What is the name of this
recommendation?
AI
Results from the DASH studies showed that the most effect diet to lower blood
pressure was:
A combination diet high in fruit, vegetables, low-fat dairy, and low saturated fat,
cholesterol, and sodium
The public health goals of the country are found in:
Healthy People 2020
Laura is a new dietitian working for WIC (The Special Supplemental Nutrition
Program for Women, Infants, and Children). How can she ensure that her practice
is evidence-based?
- Help WIC participants understand how to distinguish reputable nutrition information on
the Internet
- Read peer-reviewed literature to say up-to-date on the latest nutrition research
- Understand the basics of nutrition science, such as physiology and biochemistry
Which of the following are sources of peer-reviewed nutrition literature?
- MEDLINE
- PubMed
- The Cochrane Library
Assuming the study is well-designed and well-executed, which of the following
study designs is at the top of the hierarchy of evidence?
Systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials (RCTs)
Which of the following is true about dietary assessment?
- There are strengths and limitations of each nutrition assessment method
- Nutrition assessment measures indicators of dietary status
What is NHANES?
A major diet and health survey used to assess the nutritional status of the U.S.
population
AI
UL
,EAR
RDA
-recommended intake in the absence of sufficient evidence to establish a definitive
value
-highest level of continued daily intake unlikely to pose an adverse health effect
-level estimated to meet the requirements of half of healthy individuals
-level estimated to meet the nutrient requirements of 98% of healthy individuals
Dietary Guidelines
Healthy People 2020
DRIs
MyPlate
- Evidence-based recommendations for food to promote health and reduce risk of
chronic disease for healthy Americans
- Health promotion and disease prevention goals
- Requirements for specific nutrient substances specified by age, gender, and life stage
- Pictoral representation of federal health recommendations
Describe how to assess an article from peer-reviewed literature. Include in your
answer a consideration for at least 3 sections of these articles.
When assessing an article from peer-reviewed literature, it is incredibly important to first
thoroughly analyze the quality of the study. I am searching for credibility and for
minimized bias in the diction used by the writers. In terms of considering a section from
the article, it is during this search for credibility that I look at the "references" section. I
assess their works cited and make sure they the quality of the study is high.
It is also incredibly important to assess the quantity of the studies, more specifically,
their sample size. The "data analysis" section of the article is useful in analyzing this
topic.
Analyzing the consistency of the results is yet another important step in evaluating the
strength of a body of scientific evidence. For this step, I would refer to the "results"
section of the article. Are there numbers consistent throughout the paper?
The last main piece to take into account is the design of their study. For this step, I
would refer to the "materials and methods" section of these articles. Was their practice
efficient? Could they have chosen a better sample size? Was the study-type they chose
the best decision for their desired results?
Case control studies are used to determine if there were potential exposures in
relation to a disease outcome.
True
The Nurses Health Study is an example of a study with a cohort.
True
Clinical trials test an intervention.
True
The type of study design used depends on the research question being asked.
True
Early nutritional investigations focused on identifying deficiency diseases
associated with vitamin and mineral deficiencies, not chronic diseases.
True
Descriptive studies are _____ rigorous compared to analytical designs.
, Less
What is a strength of a cross-sectional/prevalence study design?
It is good for studying diseases with a longer latency.
Which of the following is a measure of incidence in a population?
The number of new cases of breast cancer in a community hospital over one year.
Which dietary assessment methods would be best used for used to determine the
current dietary patterns of a specific population?
Food Frequency Questionnaire
What is the purpose of nutritional epidemiology?
Identify targets for intervention that could reduce the burden of disease within a
population
Which of the following would help establish causality between an exposure and
outcome?
- Results have been confirmed across multiple replicated studies
- A plausible mechanism between the cause and effect has been identified
How does a confounder affect the validity of dietary data?
It makes it look like there's a relationship between the outcome and exposure when
there may not be one
How can nutritional epidemiology be used in the work of a public health
nutritionist?
- Monitor the effectiveness of health interventions in a community
- Creation of health promotion media
- Identify health problems in a community
- Preparation and implementation of nutrition policy change
Ecological/correlational
Clinical/controlled trial
Cross-sectional/prevalence
Cohort
Case-control
- Examines relationships between an risk factor and a disease outcome at the
population level
- Applies a controlled intervention to test the effect in prevention or treatment of disease;
investigators assign who receives treatment and what treatment is given
- Creates a "snapshot" of an existing disease and factors that may be associated
- Examines relationships between an exposure and a disease outcome at the
population level; subjects are followed over time and information on exposures is
collected prior to the development of disease
- Used to determine potential exposures in relation to a disease outcome; a group with
the disease is recruited and compared to an equivalent group without disease
Describe 3 challenges associated with drawing connections between diet and
disease outcomes. Please do not just list them, but make sure to describe your
answer
A main challenge that is associated with drawing connections between diet and disease
outcomes is bias. There are many dietary assessment methods that require individual
reporting including recalls and food records. Some people may be embarrassed by the
amount or quality of food that they eat, leading them to lie. Others may simply forget
