Health and Wellness - Final Exam – Chamberlain|
Verified Solution 2023/2024 100% Verified Solution
defining health and wellness
"a state of complete physical, mental, and social well being and not merely the absence
of disease or infirmity (WHO 1948)
health and wellness: more definitions
traditional Chinese medicine (balance between the opposite energy forces of yin and
yang, health as balance.
-ayurveda: traditional indian medical system health is the trinity of mind body and spirit
-nursing theorist jean watson: health includes overall physical social and mental
functioning, the ability to maintain balance and functioning on a day to day basis and the
absence of illness or the ability to address the illness constructively
health as perception
under this definition, someone with a terminal illness can be healthy. THE HEALTH
ILLNESS CONTINUM?
defining illness
what is illness and what causes it? is illness more than a pathology affecting an organ
or body system?
illness is like pain
PATIENT PERCEPTION IS KEY
nurse discussion question
name one thing that you believe causes illness that you can influence as a nurse
nurses' understanding of health and illness
experiences unique to each individual, illness usually described in terms of how it
makes a person feel, what is the LIVED EXPERIENCE of the illness or disease
process?
levels of prevention
traditional stages of prevention are primary, secondary and tertiary
primary prevention
true health promotion; interventions to promote and improve health before illness or
injury occur
secondary intervention
for individuals experiencing health issues or problems, in order to prevent worsening of
the problems or permanent injury or effect
tertiary prevention
interventions for individuals with permanent injury or chronic illness, in order to minimize
the effect of long term illness or permanent disbility
stages of behavioral change
pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action and maintenance stage
precontemplation
not intending to make changes within the next six months
contemplation
considering a change within the next six months
,preparation
making small changes in preparation for a change in the next month
action
actively engaged in strategies to change behavior; lasts up to 6 months
maintenance stage
sustained change over time, begins 6 months after action has started and continues
indefinitely
health promotion across lifespan
different life stages require different types of health promotion
stages
pregnancy (gestation), neonatal, infancy, toddler, preschool, school age, adolescence,
young adulthood, middle adulthood, and older adulthood
pregnancy (gestation) health promotion
planned pregnancy, chronic disease, nutrition, obesity, mental health, social support,
substance abuse, violence, transition to parenting, breastfeeding
key components about growth and development across lifespan
growth and development follow an orderly predictable pattern,
-growth follows a cephalocadual pattern from the head then the chest trunk and lower
extremities
-development proceeds in a proximodistal pattern (general to specific)
-beginning at center of body and moving outward
-simple skills develop independently and separately, then are used to learn more
complex skills
-each body system grows at its own rate
several developmental theories
-robert havinghursts, sigmund freud, jean piagets, erik erikson
robert havinghurst's developmental tasks
six major stages of life (infants toddlers preschool and school age adolescents young
adults middle adults older adults) with each stage having specific physical cognitive and
social development tasks leads to imbalance within the individual and difficult mastering
further tasks
sigmund freuds psychoanalytic theory
human growth and development is based on basic instinctual drives including libido
sexual instinct, aggression, and survival. these drives are in effect starting from birth
and have differing weight depending on the psychosexual development stage which
includes the oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital stages
jean piagets cognitive development theory
cognitive devlopment occurs in four sequential stages from birth to adolescence, and
competency in each stage must be achieved in order to move on to the next stage,
these stages include sensorymotor, preoperational thought, concrete operations and
formal operations
** important to understand these stages especially in terms of nursing care and
education !!!
Erikson's psychosocial development theory
,individuals must navigate eight stages as they progress through lifespan; failure to
navigate a stage can lead to maladjustment though people can regress during times of
stress and illness ***theory widely used in nursing and in health care.
stage 1 (birth to 18 months)
trust vs mistrust
stage 2 (18-36)
autnomy vs shame and doubt
stage 3 (3-5 yrs)
initiative vs guilt
stage 4 (6-11 yrs old)
industry vs inferiority
stage 5 (11-21)
identity vs role confusion
stage 6 (21-40)
intimacy vs isolation
stage 7 (40-65)
generativity vs stagnation
stage 8 (over 65)
integrity vs despair
infancy/toddler
bonding, safety, feeding, growth and development, sleep (where how much), basic care,
vaccinations, family support, proper stimulation (vs screen time)
childhood
growth and development, visual/hearing screens, school/educational progress,
interaction with peers, vaccinations, safety, obesity, sleep, exercise/activity family,
social support, mental health
adolescence
safety, school/work, peer relationships, family relationships/support, depression/mental
state, substance abuse, sexuality/identity, self concept self image, body image, role
relationship, vaccinations, obesity, homelessness?, self care practices, and sleep
young adulthood
role relationship (independence), self image, self concept, nutrition, exercise, obesity,
secuality/reproduction, safety, mental health, family relationships/support, substance
abuse, health screening for cervical cancer, STI hepatitis, breast/testes, genetic
screening for pregnancy
middle adulthood
health screening USPTF onset of chronic diseases, diabetes, lipid profile, colonscopy,
mammogram PAP hepatitis and STI, nutrition, exercise, obsesity, self care/stress
management, role relationship, mental health, substance abuse, safety
older adult
role relationship, independence ADL IADLs, activityexercise, mental health, substance
abuse, safety, nutrition, family support, medications and USPTF:stop screening!
major challenged of health and wellness
health and wellness do not occur only on the individual level: health ecology model,
nurses need to understand the major challenges to health and wellness on a global and
national level, nurses need to promote health on all levels: individuals, family,
, community, state, national and global!!!
***nurses need to make their own health and wellness a priority
cardiovascular health
global cardiovascular health promotion and disease prevention: 2011 and beyond
CVD key points
global health crisis affecting all nations. CVD includes...
-ischemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease (number 1 and number 2 causes
of death at a global level by the year 2020!!!!!)
**these two diseases will also be the number one and number three causes of life years
lost and number one and number four causes of disability
cardiovascular health promotion
the cost of CVD in the US will reach 1.1 trillion dollars annually by 2030. INTERHEART
and INTERSTROKE studies researched the causes of heart disease and stroke in 52
and 22 countries respectively and found that they were universal factors that accounted
for >90 percent of the riskfactors for this disease!!!
heart disease risk favtors
abnormal lipids, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, abdominal obesity, psychosocial
factors, consumption of fruits cegetables and alcohol and regular physical activity
account for most of the risk of MI worldwide in both sexes and all ages???
stroke
HYPERTENSION WAS THE MOST IMPORTANT OF THESE FOR ALL STROKE
SUBTYES ESPECIALLY FOR INTRACEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE. blood oressure can
be easily measures in many settings and can be targeted for reduction through lifestyle
and policy approaches
***THIS IS WHAT NURSES DO: ADDRESS THE FACTORS CAUSING 90% OF RISK
global health of CVD
lifestyle changes are key: countries like finland have implemented national health
interventions have seen more than 45% decrease in mortality from CVD
SMART is SMART
15% REDUCTION in salt intake is 23 indicatior countries could avert 8.3 million deaths
over a 10 year peiod at a cost of .4-.32 cents per person, a reduction in salt intake to
WHO recommended levels could avert 28 million deaths (<58/d)
***asking about salt intake could save more lives than an HIV vaccine
primoridal level health promotion
radial move from intervention to preservation of ideal cardiovascular health
health promotion at a primordial level: before primary, secondary and tertiary
intervention, is primordial intervention:oreventing risk factor epidemics in whole
societies by intervening in CHILDHOOD
smoking
tobacco use is one of the leading preventable causes of death, the global tobacco
epidemic kills nearly 6 million people each year (600,000) exposed to second hand
smoke. **unless we act, it will kill up to 8 million people by 2030 of which more than
80% will live in low-and middle income countries
health challenges: depression
world health depression (WHO): depression is the leading cause of disability as
measured by YLDs (years lost to disability) and the 4th leading contributor to the global
Verified Solution 2023/2024 100% Verified Solution
defining health and wellness
"a state of complete physical, mental, and social well being and not merely the absence
of disease or infirmity (WHO 1948)
health and wellness: more definitions
traditional Chinese medicine (balance between the opposite energy forces of yin and
yang, health as balance.
-ayurveda: traditional indian medical system health is the trinity of mind body and spirit
-nursing theorist jean watson: health includes overall physical social and mental
functioning, the ability to maintain balance and functioning on a day to day basis and the
absence of illness or the ability to address the illness constructively
health as perception
under this definition, someone with a terminal illness can be healthy. THE HEALTH
ILLNESS CONTINUM?
defining illness
what is illness and what causes it? is illness more than a pathology affecting an organ
or body system?
illness is like pain
PATIENT PERCEPTION IS KEY
nurse discussion question
name one thing that you believe causes illness that you can influence as a nurse
nurses' understanding of health and illness
experiences unique to each individual, illness usually described in terms of how it
makes a person feel, what is the LIVED EXPERIENCE of the illness or disease
process?
levels of prevention
traditional stages of prevention are primary, secondary and tertiary
primary prevention
true health promotion; interventions to promote and improve health before illness or
injury occur
secondary intervention
for individuals experiencing health issues or problems, in order to prevent worsening of
the problems or permanent injury or effect
tertiary prevention
interventions for individuals with permanent injury or chronic illness, in order to minimize
the effect of long term illness or permanent disbility
stages of behavioral change
pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action and maintenance stage
precontemplation
not intending to make changes within the next six months
contemplation
considering a change within the next six months
,preparation
making small changes in preparation for a change in the next month
action
actively engaged in strategies to change behavior; lasts up to 6 months
maintenance stage
sustained change over time, begins 6 months after action has started and continues
indefinitely
health promotion across lifespan
different life stages require different types of health promotion
stages
pregnancy (gestation), neonatal, infancy, toddler, preschool, school age, adolescence,
young adulthood, middle adulthood, and older adulthood
pregnancy (gestation) health promotion
planned pregnancy, chronic disease, nutrition, obesity, mental health, social support,
substance abuse, violence, transition to parenting, breastfeeding
key components about growth and development across lifespan
growth and development follow an orderly predictable pattern,
-growth follows a cephalocadual pattern from the head then the chest trunk and lower
extremities
-development proceeds in a proximodistal pattern (general to specific)
-beginning at center of body and moving outward
-simple skills develop independently and separately, then are used to learn more
complex skills
-each body system grows at its own rate
several developmental theories
-robert havinghursts, sigmund freud, jean piagets, erik erikson
robert havinghurst's developmental tasks
six major stages of life (infants toddlers preschool and school age adolescents young
adults middle adults older adults) with each stage having specific physical cognitive and
social development tasks leads to imbalance within the individual and difficult mastering
further tasks
sigmund freuds psychoanalytic theory
human growth and development is based on basic instinctual drives including libido
sexual instinct, aggression, and survival. these drives are in effect starting from birth
and have differing weight depending on the psychosexual development stage which
includes the oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital stages
jean piagets cognitive development theory
cognitive devlopment occurs in four sequential stages from birth to adolescence, and
competency in each stage must be achieved in order to move on to the next stage,
these stages include sensorymotor, preoperational thought, concrete operations and
formal operations
** important to understand these stages especially in terms of nursing care and
education !!!
Erikson's psychosocial development theory
,individuals must navigate eight stages as they progress through lifespan; failure to
navigate a stage can lead to maladjustment though people can regress during times of
stress and illness ***theory widely used in nursing and in health care.
stage 1 (birth to 18 months)
trust vs mistrust
stage 2 (18-36)
autnomy vs shame and doubt
stage 3 (3-5 yrs)
initiative vs guilt
stage 4 (6-11 yrs old)
industry vs inferiority
stage 5 (11-21)
identity vs role confusion
stage 6 (21-40)
intimacy vs isolation
stage 7 (40-65)
generativity vs stagnation
stage 8 (over 65)
integrity vs despair
infancy/toddler
bonding, safety, feeding, growth and development, sleep (where how much), basic care,
vaccinations, family support, proper stimulation (vs screen time)
childhood
growth and development, visual/hearing screens, school/educational progress,
interaction with peers, vaccinations, safety, obesity, sleep, exercise/activity family,
social support, mental health
adolescence
safety, school/work, peer relationships, family relationships/support, depression/mental
state, substance abuse, sexuality/identity, self concept self image, body image, role
relationship, vaccinations, obesity, homelessness?, self care practices, and sleep
young adulthood
role relationship (independence), self image, self concept, nutrition, exercise, obesity,
secuality/reproduction, safety, mental health, family relationships/support, substance
abuse, health screening for cervical cancer, STI hepatitis, breast/testes, genetic
screening for pregnancy
middle adulthood
health screening USPTF onset of chronic diseases, diabetes, lipid profile, colonscopy,
mammogram PAP hepatitis and STI, nutrition, exercise, obsesity, self care/stress
management, role relationship, mental health, substance abuse, safety
older adult
role relationship, independence ADL IADLs, activityexercise, mental health, substance
abuse, safety, nutrition, family support, medications and USPTF:stop screening!
major challenged of health and wellness
health and wellness do not occur only on the individual level: health ecology model,
nurses need to understand the major challenges to health and wellness on a global and
national level, nurses need to promote health on all levels: individuals, family,
, community, state, national and global!!!
***nurses need to make their own health and wellness a priority
cardiovascular health
global cardiovascular health promotion and disease prevention: 2011 and beyond
CVD key points
global health crisis affecting all nations. CVD includes...
-ischemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease (number 1 and number 2 causes
of death at a global level by the year 2020!!!!!)
**these two diseases will also be the number one and number three causes of life years
lost and number one and number four causes of disability
cardiovascular health promotion
the cost of CVD in the US will reach 1.1 trillion dollars annually by 2030. INTERHEART
and INTERSTROKE studies researched the causes of heart disease and stroke in 52
and 22 countries respectively and found that they were universal factors that accounted
for >90 percent of the riskfactors for this disease!!!
heart disease risk favtors
abnormal lipids, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, abdominal obesity, psychosocial
factors, consumption of fruits cegetables and alcohol and regular physical activity
account for most of the risk of MI worldwide in both sexes and all ages???
stroke
HYPERTENSION WAS THE MOST IMPORTANT OF THESE FOR ALL STROKE
SUBTYES ESPECIALLY FOR INTRACEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE. blood oressure can
be easily measures in many settings and can be targeted for reduction through lifestyle
and policy approaches
***THIS IS WHAT NURSES DO: ADDRESS THE FACTORS CAUSING 90% OF RISK
global health of CVD
lifestyle changes are key: countries like finland have implemented national health
interventions have seen more than 45% decrease in mortality from CVD
SMART is SMART
15% REDUCTION in salt intake is 23 indicatior countries could avert 8.3 million deaths
over a 10 year peiod at a cost of .4-.32 cents per person, a reduction in salt intake to
WHO recommended levels could avert 28 million deaths (<58/d)
***asking about salt intake could save more lives than an HIV vaccine
primoridal level health promotion
radial move from intervention to preservation of ideal cardiovascular health
health promotion at a primordial level: before primary, secondary and tertiary
intervention, is primordial intervention:oreventing risk factor epidemics in whole
societies by intervening in CHILDHOOD
smoking
tobacco use is one of the leading preventable causes of death, the global tobacco
epidemic kills nearly 6 million people each year (600,000) exposed to second hand
smoke. **unless we act, it will kill up to 8 million people by 2030 of which more than
80% will live in low-and middle income countries
health challenges: depression
world health depression (WHO): depression is the leading cause of disability as
measured by YLDs (years lost to disability) and the 4th leading contributor to the global
