ESL Certification Test Prep With Complete
Solution 2023
Homonyms
Words that have 2 or more meanings
Homographs
2 words that have the same spelling and/or pronunciation but different meanings
(bat/bat)
Homophones
2 words that have the same pronunciation but different spelling and meanings
(wood/would)
Heteronyms
2 words that have the same spelling but have different pronunciations and meanings
(Polish/polish)
Orthography
Writing words with the proper letters. The way in which the words of a language are
spelled.
Minimal Pairs
A pair of words that are different only by a single sound (desk/disk, fan/van, sit/seat,
wet/wait)
Relative Pronouns
Connects a clause or phrase to a noun or pronoun (that, which, whose, who, whom)
Possessive Pronouns
Show ownership (mine, hers, his, yours, ours, theirs, my)
Reflexive Pronouns
When we refer back to the subject of the sentence or clause (end in -self or -selves:
myself, herself, ourselves, themselves)
Indefinite Pronouns
Doesn't refer to any specific person, thing, or amount (all, another, any, anybody, few,
many, one, some, several)
1981 Castaneda vs. Pickard
Roy Castaneda vs. Raymondville ISD. Claimed RISD was discriminating against his
kids because of their ethnicity. Courts established a 3-pronged test for evaluating
programs serving ELL's (Castaneda Standard): 1. base programs on educational theory
2. implement programs 3. evaluate programs
1982 Plyler vs. Doe
Undocumented children have the right to go to school
1974 Lau vs. Nichols
Case by Chinese American students in San Fran who had LEP. Claimed they were not
receiving special help due to inability to speak English. They said it violated Title VI of
the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
Phonology (language systems)
Study of the system and pattern of speech sounds of a language.
Phoneme (language systems)
A speech sound identified by a native speaker (phonemic awareness)
Phonetics (language systems)
, How phonemes are physically produced
Phonics (language systems)
How phonemes are represented in written language
Morphology (language systems)
How words are structured and how they are put together from smaller parts known as
morphemes
Morpheme (language systems)
The smallest linguistic unit that has a meaning or grammatical function (stem, suffix,
prefix)
Creating Sentences
Combine
phonemes into morphemes,
morphemes into words,
words into sentences
Syntax (language systems)
The way in which sentences are constructed and how sentences are related to each
other.
English syntax is taught by grammar study.
Semantics (language systems)
The study of linguistic meaning, including the meaning of words, morphemes, phrases,
and sentences.
Encompasses the ways in which the meanings of words change and develop.
Lexicon (language systems)
The vocabulary of a language including information about the meaning, grammatical
function, and pronunciation.
Lexical Ambiguity- a situation when one word has 2 or more meanings.
Cognate
A word in the second language that has a similar meaning to a word in the first
language (rose- rosado, monument- monumento)
Pragmatics (language systems)
The study of how the meaning conveyed by a word or sentence depends on the context
in which it is used (time, place, social relationship)
Discourse (language systems)
A continuous stretch of speech or written text
Tonal/Language Register
The pitch or stress at which syllables in a word are pronounced (frozen, formal,
consultative, casual, intimate)
Dialect
A variety of a language defined by both geographical factors and social factors (class,
religion, ethnicity).
Standard dialect- understood by all speakers, educated speech, and language of the
group in power.
Dialectal differences- phonological, lexical, and syntactical
Solution 2023
Homonyms
Words that have 2 or more meanings
Homographs
2 words that have the same spelling and/or pronunciation but different meanings
(bat/bat)
Homophones
2 words that have the same pronunciation but different spelling and meanings
(wood/would)
Heteronyms
2 words that have the same spelling but have different pronunciations and meanings
(Polish/polish)
Orthography
Writing words with the proper letters. The way in which the words of a language are
spelled.
Minimal Pairs
A pair of words that are different only by a single sound (desk/disk, fan/van, sit/seat,
wet/wait)
Relative Pronouns
Connects a clause or phrase to a noun or pronoun (that, which, whose, who, whom)
Possessive Pronouns
Show ownership (mine, hers, his, yours, ours, theirs, my)
Reflexive Pronouns
When we refer back to the subject of the sentence or clause (end in -self or -selves:
myself, herself, ourselves, themselves)
Indefinite Pronouns
Doesn't refer to any specific person, thing, or amount (all, another, any, anybody, few,
many, one, some, several)
1981 Castaneda vs. Pickard
Roy Castaneda vs. Raymondville ISD. Claimed RISD was discriminating against his
kids because of their ethnicity. Courts established a 3-pronged test for evaluating
programs serving ELL's (Castaneda Standard): 1. base programs on educational theory
2. implement programs 3. evaluate programs
1982 Plyler vs. Doe
Undocumented children have the right to go to school
1974 Lau vs. Nichols
Case by Chinese American students in San Fran who had LEP. Claimed they were not
receiving special help due to inability to speak English. They said it violated Title VI of
the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
Phonology (language systems)
Study of the system and pattern of speech sounds of a language.
Phoneme (language systems)
A speech sound identified by a native speaker (phonemic awareness)
Phonetics (language systems)
, How phonemes are physically produced
Phonics (language systems)
How phonemes are represented in written language
Morphology (language systems)
How words are structured and how they are put together from smaller parts known as
morphemes
Morpheme (language systems)
The smallest linguistic unit that has a meaning or grammatical function (stem, suffix,
prefix)
Creating Sentences
Combine
phonemes into morphemes,
morphemes into words,
words into sentences
Syntax (language systems)
The way in which sentences are constructed and how sentences are related to each
other.
English syntax is taught by grammar study.
Semantics (language systems)
The study of linguistic meaning, including the meaning of words, morphemes, phrases,
and sentences.
Encompasses the ways in which the meanings of words change and develop.
Lexicon (language systems)
The vocabulary of a language including information about the meaning, grammatical
function, and pronunciation.
Lexical Ambiguity- a situation when one word has 2 or more meanings.
Cognate
A word in the second language that has a similar meaning to a word in the first
language (rose- rosado, monument- monumento)
Pragmatics (language systems)
The study of how the meaning conveyed by a word or sentence depends on the context
in which it is used (time, place, social relationship)
Discourse (language systems)
A continuous stretch of speech or written text
Tonal/Language Register
The pitch or stress at which syllables in a word are pronounced (frozen, formal,
consultative, casual, intimate)
Dialect
A variety of a language defined by both geographical factors and social factors (class,
religion, ethnicity).
Standard dialect- understood by all speakers, educated speech, and language of the
group in power.
Dialectal differences- phonological, lexical, and syntactical
