ADEOSUN S.A www.crescent-university.edu.ng
L ECTURE N OTE
ON
STATISTICS FOR PHYSICAL SCIENCES &
ENGINEERING
(STS 202)
BY
ADEOSUN SAKIRU ABIODUN
E-mail:
1|Page
, ADEOSUN S.A www.crescent-university.edu.ng
COURSE CONTENTS
Scope of statistical method in physical sciences and engineering. Measures of
location, partition and dispersion. Elements of probability. Probability distribution;
binomial, Poisson, geometric, hyper geometric, negative binomial, normal.
Estimation (Point and Interval) and tests of hypothesis concerning population means,
proportions and variances. Regression and Correlation. Non – parametric tests.
Contingency table analysis. Introduction to design of experiments. Analysis of
variance.
READING LISTS
1. Adamu S.O and Johnson Tinuke L (1998): Statistics for Beginners;
Book 1. SAAL Publication. Ibadan. ISBN: 978-34411-3-2
2. Clark G.M and Cooke D (1993): A Basic course in statistics. Third
edition. London: Published by Arnold and Stoughton.
3. Olubosoye O.E, Olaomi J.O and Shittu O.I (2002): Statistics for
Engineering, Physical and Biological sciences. Ibadan: A Divine Touch
Publications.
4. Tmt. V. Varalakshmi et al (2005): Statistics Higher Secondary - First
year. Tamilnadu Textbook Corporation, College Road, Chennai- 600
006
2|Page
, ADEOSUN S.A www.crescent-university.edu.ng
INTRODUCTION
In the modern world of information and communication technology, the
importance of statistics is very well recognised by all the disciplines. Statistics
has originated as a science of statehood and found applications slowly and
steadily in Agriculture, Economics, Commerce, Biology, Medicine, Industry,
planning, education and so on. As of today, there is no other human walk of life,
where statistics cannot be applied.
Statistics is concerned with the scientific method of collecting, organizing,
summarizing, presenting and analyzing statistical information (data) as well as
drawing valid conclusion on the basis of such analysis. It could be simply defined
as the “science of data”. Thus, statistics uses facts or numerical data, assembled,
classified and tabulated so as to present significant information about a given
subject. Statistic is a science of understanding data and making decisions in the
face of randomness.
The study of statistics is therefore essential for sound reasoning, precise
judgment and objective decision in the face of up- to- date accurate and reliable
data. Thus many researchers, educationalists, business men and government
agencies at the national, state or local levels rely on data to answer operations
and programs. Statistics is usually divided into two categories, which is not
mutually elution namely: Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics.
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
This is the act of summarizing and given a descriptive account of numerical
information in form of reports, charts and diagrams. The goal of descriptive
statistics is to gain information from collected data. It begins with collection of
data by either counting or measurement in an inquiry. It involves the summary of
specific aspect of the data, such as averages values and measure of dispersion
(spread). Suitable graphs, diagrams and charts are then used to gain
understanding and clear interpretation of the phenomenon under investigation
3|Page
, ADEOSUN S.A www.crescent-university.edu.ng
keeping firmly in mind where the data comes from. Normally, a descriptive
statistics should:
i. be single – valued
ii. be algebraically tractable
iii. consider every observed value.
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
This is the act of making deductive statement about a population from the
quantities computed from its representative sample. It is a process of making
inference or generalizing about the population under certain conditions and
assumptions. Statistical inference involves the processes of estimation of
parameters and hypothesis testing.
Statistics in Physical Sciences
Physical sciences such as Chemistry, Physics, Meteorology and Astronomy
are based on statistical concepts. For example, it is evident that the pressure
exerted by a gas is actually an average pressure, an average effect of forces
exerted by individual molecules as they strike the wall of a container. The
modern science of meteorology is to a great degree dependent upon statistical
methods for its existence. The methods that give weather forecasting the
accuracy it has today have been developed using modern sample survey
techniques.
Statistics in Engineering
Statistics also plays an important role in Engineering. For example, such
topics as the study of heat transfer through insulating materials per unit time,
performance guarantee testing programs production control, inventory control,
standardization of fits and tolerances of machine parts, job analysis of technical
personnel, studies involving the fatigue of metals (endurance properties),
corrosion studies, quality control, reliability analysis and many other specialized
4|Page
L ECTURE N OTE
ON
STATISTICS FOR PHYSICAL SCIENCES &
ENGINEERING
(STS 202)
BY
ADEOSUN SAKIRU ABIODUN
E-mail:
1|Page
, ADEOSUN S.A www.crescent-university.edu.ng
COURSE CONTENTS
Scope of statistical method in physical sciences and engineering. Measures of
location, partition and dispersion. Elements of probability. Probability distribution;
binomial, Poisson, geometric, hyper geometric, negative binomial, normal.
Estimation (Point and Interval) and tests of hypothesis concerning population means,
proportions and variances. Regression and Correlation. Non – parametric tests.
Contingency table analysis. Introduction to design of experiments. Analysis of
variance.
READING LISTS
1. Adamu S.O and Johnson Tinuke L (1998): Statistics for Beginners;
Book 1. SAAL Publication. Ibadan. ISBN: 978-34411-3-2
2. Clark G.M and Cooke D (1993): A Basic course in statistics. Third
edition. London: Published by Arnold and Stoughton.
3. Olubosoye O.E, Olaomi J.O and Shittu O.I (2002): Statistics for
Engineering, Physical and Biological sciences. Ibadan: A Divine Touch
Publications.
4. Tmt. V. Varalakshmi et al (2005): Statistics Higher Secondary - First
year. Tamilnadu Textbook Corporation, College Road, Chennai- 600
006
2|Page
, ADEOSUN S.A www.crescent-university.edu.ng
INTRODUCTION
In the modern world of information and communication technology, the
importance of statistics is very well recognised by all the disciplines. Statistics
has originated as a science of statehood and found applications slowly and
steadily in Agriculture, Economics, Commerce, Biology, Medicine, Industry,
planning, education and so on. As of today, there is no other human walk of life,
where statistics cannot be applied.
Statistics is concerned with the scientific method of collecting, organizing,
summarizing, presenting and analyzing statistical information (data) as well as
drawing valid conclusion on the basis of such analysis. It could be simply defined
as the “science of data”. Thus, statistics uses facts or numerical data, assembled,
classified and tabulated so as to present significant information about a given
subject. Statistic is a science of understanding data and making decisions in the
face of randomness.
The study of statistics is therefore essential for sound reasoning, precise
judgment and objective decision in the face of up- to- date accurate and reliable
data. Thus many researchers, educationalists, business men and government
agencies at the national, state or local levels rely on data to answer operations
and programs. Statistics is usually divided into two categories, which is not
mutually elution namely: Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics.
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
This is the act of summarizing and given a descriptive account of numerical
information in form of reports, charts and diagrams. The goal of descriptive
statistics is to gain information from collected data. It begins with collection of
data by either counting or measurement in an inquiry. It involves the summary of
specific aspect of the data, such as averages values and measure of dispersion
(spread). Suitable graphs, diagrams and charts are then used to gain
understanding and clear interpretation of the phenomenon under investigation
3|Page
, ADEOSUN S.A www.crescent-university.edu.ng
keeping firmly in mind where the data comes from. Normally, a descriptive
statistics should:
i. be single – valued
ii. be algebraically tractable
iii. consider every observed value.
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
This is the act of making deductive statement about a population from the
quantities computed from its representative sample. It is a process of making
inference or generalizing about the population under certain conditions and
assumptions. Statistical inference involves the processes of estimation of
parameters and hypothesis testing.
Statistics in Physical Sciences
Physical sciences such as Chemistry, Physics, Meteorology and Astronomy
are based on statistical concepts. For example, it is evident that the pressure
exerted by a gas is actually an average pressure, an average effect of forces
exerted by individual molecules as they strike the wall of a container. The
modern science of meteorology is to a great degree dependent upon statistical
methods for its existence. The methods that give weather forecasting the
accuracy it has today have been developed using modern sample survey
techniques.
Statistics in Engineering
Statistics also plays an important role in Engineering. For example, such
topics as the study of heat transfer through insulating materials per unit time,
performance guarantee testing programs production control, inventory control,
standardization of fits and tolerances of machine parts, job analysis of technical
personnel, studies involving the fatigue of metals (endurance properties),
corrosion studies, quality control, reliability analysis and many other specialized
4|Page
