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engenharia de reações NOTES

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engenharia de reações Notes theoretical

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Engenharia
das
Reacções I
Cinética e Reactores Químicos Ideais



Filipe Gama Freire

, R
I T - D EPARTAMENTO DE E NGENHARIA Q UÍMICA

F ILIPE G AMA F REIRE
R
Este livro é produto da experiência de ensino de reatores no I T nomeadamente dos Profs.

Joaquim Barbosa Romero 1960’s

Farinha Portela 1970’s

Ramôa Ribeiro 1980’s

e Fernanda Alvarez 1990’s

1ª Ed., Agosto 2015

, Conteúdo




1 Introdução . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

1.1 Classificação das reacções químicas 10

1.2 Classificação dos reactores químicos 12

1.3 Projecto de reactores 14

1.4 Reactores ideais 15

1.4.1 Reactor Batch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

1.4.2 Reactor Contínuo Perfeitamente Agitado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

1.4.3 Reactor Tubular Pistão . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

1.4.4 Bateria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17


1.5 Conclusões 17



2 Cinética . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

2.1 Introdução 20

2.1.1 Natureza e extensão da cinética química . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

2.1.2 Parâmetros de que depende a velocidade de reacção . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

, 2.2 Reacções elementares 29

2.2.1 Leis de velocidade e molecularidade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

2.3 Determinação dos parâmetro cinéticos 32

2.3.1 Introdução . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

2.3.2 Método do Isolamento . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

2.3.3 Método diferencial. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

2.3.4 Método das velocidades iniciais . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

2.3.5 Método integral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

2.3.6 Método do tempo de semi-transformação . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42



3 Associação de reacções elementares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

3.1 Exemplos de reacções químicas não elementares 44

3.2 Selectividades e rendimentos 45

3.3 Reacções reversíveis ou opostas 45

3.4 Reacções simultâneas ou em paralelo 51

3.5 Reacções em série ou consecutivas 57


4 Mecanismos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

4.1 Tipo de intermediários 63

4.2 Mecanismos 64

4.2.1 Como se obtém a equação de velocidade? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

4.3 Catálise 68

4.3.1 Conceitos Gerais em Catálise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

4.3.2 Tipos de Catálise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

4.3.3 Reacções catalíticas homogéneas em fase gasosa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

4.3.4 Catálise ácido-base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

4.3.5 Catálise enzimática . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

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