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Exame Análise complexa e cálculo diferencial 18-19

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Exame Análise complexa e cálculo diferencial 18-19 - resolução segundo exame

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Resolução do Recurso 2A: 16 de Janeiro de 2019
1. a) V b) F c) V d) F e) V f) V
2. a) Como (D − 1)et = 0 e (D − 0)2 = 0, obtemos
(D − 1)D(D2 − 4)x = (D − 1)D(D − 2)(D + 2)x = 0. (1)
As equações associadas a D − 1, D, D − 2 e D + 2 têm espaços de soluções gerados,
respectivamente, por et , 1, e2t e e−2t . Resulta da teoria que as soluções da equação (1) são
x(t) = c1 et + c2 + c3 e2t + c4 e−2t com c1 , c2 , c3 , c4 , t ∈ R. Como
(D2 − 4)x(t) = (D2 − 4)(c1 et + c2 ) = c1 et − 4c1 et − 4c2 = et + 2,
obtemos c1 = − 13 e c2 = − 12 . Logo, as soluções da equação original são
x(t) = − 13 et − 1
2 + c3 e2t + c4 e−2t , com c3 , c4 , t ∈ R.
De x(0) = − 13 − 1
2 + c3 + c4 = 0 e x (0) = − 13 + 2c3

− 2c4 = 0, vem c3 = 1
2 e c4 = 13 . Logo,
x(t) = − 13 et − 12 + 12 e2t + 13 e−2t , com t ∈ R.
b) Seja X = L(x), que está definido para Re z > c para algum c > 0. Temos
L(x′′ − 4x)(z) = z 2 X(z) − zx(0) − x′ (0) − 4X(z) = (z 2 − 4)X(z) − z − 2
para Re z > c e L(et + 2) = 1/(z − 1) + 2/z para Re z > 1. Logo,
z+2 1 2
X(z) = 2 + 2
+ 2
z − 4 (z − 1)(z − 4) z(z − 4)
1/3 1/2 3/2 1/3
=− − + + = L(− 13 et − 12 + 32 e2t + 13 e−2t )(z)
z−1 z z−2 z+2
para Re z > max{c, 2}, fazendo a decomposição em fracções simples:
1 1/3 1/12 1/4
=− + + ,
(z − 1)(z − 2)(z + 2) z−1 z+2 z−2
2 1/2 1/4 1/4
=− + + .
z(z − 2)(z + 2) z z+2 z−2
Notamos que as funções x(t) e − 13 et − 12 + 32 e2t + 13 e−2t são C 1 e têm no máximo crescimento
exponencial (resulta da teoria que x(t) é combinação linear de funções que têm no máximo
crescimento exponencial, pelo que tem também esta propriedade). Logo,
x(t) = − 13 et − 1
2 + 32 e2t + 13 e−2t , com t ∈ R.
3. a) Para A calculamos primeiro os valores próprios: resulta de det(A−λId) = λ2 −3λ+2 = 0
que λ = 1 e λ = 2. Os vectores próprios v1 = ( xy ) para λ = 1 satisfazem
(A − Id) ( xy ) = −1
! 1 x ! −x+y  0
−2 2 ( y ) = −2x+2y = ( 0 )

e os vectores próprios v2 = ( xy ) para λ = 2 satisfazem
(A − 2Id) ( xy ) = −2
! 1 x ! −2x+y  0
−2 1 ( y ) = −2x+y = ( 0 ) .
! 2 −1 
Podemos então tomar v1 = ( 11 ) e v2 = ( 12 ). Seja pois S = ( 11 12 ) . Obtemos S −1 = −1 1 e
−1
 t !  t 2t  !  t 2t t 2t

eAt = SeS ASt S −1 = ( 11 12 ) e0 e02t 2 −1 2 −1 2e −e −e +e
 
−1 1 = eet 2e
e
2t −1 1 = 2et
−2e2t −et +2e2t
.
Para B e N = B − 2Id obtemos
 
e2t te2t t2 e2t /2
Bt 2t 1 2 2
e = e (Id + tN + 2t N ) = 0 e2t te2t
0 0 e2t
e portanto  
2et −e2t −et +e2t 0 0 0
t 2t t 2t
 2e −2e −e +2e 0 0 0
 
eCt = eAt 0 = e2t te2t t2 e2t /2  .

0 0
0 eBt

2t 2t
0 0 0 e te
0 0 0 0 e2t

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