PATHO Exam 4 CH 35 Alterations of Pulmonary
Fnx
Besides dyspnea, what is the most common characteristic associated with pulmonary
disease?
a. Chest pain c. Cough
b. Digit clubbing d. Hemoptysis - ANSW C
Pulmonary disease is associated with many signs and symptoms, and their specific
characteristics often help in identifying the underlying disorder. The most common
characteristics are dyspnea and cough. Others include abnormal sputum, hemoptysis,
altered breathing patterns, hypoventilation and hyperventilation, cyanosis, clubbing of
the digits, and chest pain.
Sitting up in a forward-leaning position generally relieves which breathing disorder?
a. Hyperpnea c. Apnea
b. Orthopnea d. Dyspnea - ANSW B
Of the options available, only orthopnea (SOB while laying flat) is generally relieved by
sitting up in a forwardleaning posture or supporting the upper body on several pillows.
Kussmaul respirations as a respiratory pattern may be associated with which
characteristic(s)?
a. Alternating periods of deep and shallow breathing
b. Pulmonary fibrosis
c. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
d. Slightly increased ventilatory rate, large
tidal volumes, and no expiratory pause - ANSW D
Kussmaul respirations are characterized by a slightly increased ventilatory rate, very
large tidal volume, and no expiratory pause. Kussmaul respirations are not associated
with any of the other options
(a deep and labored breathing)
Respirations that are characterized by alternating periods of deep and shallow breathing
are a result of which respiratory mechanism?
a. Decreased blood flow to the medulla oblongata
b. Increased partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2), decreased pH, and
decreased partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2)
c. Stimulation of stretch or J-receptors
d. Fatigue of the intercostal muscles and diaphragm - ANSW A
Alternating periods of deep and shallow breathing are characteristic of Cheyne-Stokes
respirations and are the result of any condition that slows the blood flow to the
, brainstem, which in turn slows impulses that send information to the respiratory centers
of the brainstem.
With a total hemoglobin of 9 g/dl, how many grams per deciliter of hemoglobin must
become desaturated for cyanosis to occur?
a. 3 c. 7
b. 5 d. 9 - ANSW B
Cyanosis generally develops when 5 g/dl of hemoglobin is desaturated, regardless of
hemoglobin concentration.
Which statement is true regarding ventilation?
a. Hypoventilation causes hypocapnia.
b. Hyperventilation causes hypercapnia.
c. Hyperventilation causes hypocapnia.
d. Hyperventilation results in an increased partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide
(PaCO2). - ANSW C
Hyperventilation is alveolar ventilation that exceeds metabolic demands. The lungs
remove carbon dioxide at a faster rate than produced by cellular metabolism, resulting
in decreased PaCO2 or hypocapnia.
What term is used to describe the selective bulbous enlargement of the distal segment
of a digit that is commonly associated with diseases that interfere with
oxygenation of the blood?
a. Edema c. Angling
b. Clubbing d. Osteoarthropathy - ANSW B
Clubbing is the selective bulbous enlargement of the end (distal segment) of a digit
(finger or toe) (see Figure 35-1) and is commonly associated with diseases that interfere
with oxygenation, such as bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis, pulmonary fibrosis, lung
abscess, and congenital heart disease.
Pulmonary edema and pulmonary fibrosis cause hypoxemia by which mechanism?
a. Creating alveolar dead space
b. Decreasing the oxygen in inspired gas
c. Creating a right-to-left shunt
d. Impairing alveolocapillary membrane diffusion - ANSW ANS: D
Diffusion of oxygen through the alveolocapillary membrane is impaired if the
alveolocapillary membrane is thickened or if the surface area available for diffusion is
decreased. Abnormal thickness, as occurs with edema (tissue swelling) and fibrosis
(formation of fibrous lesions), increases the time required for diffusion across the
alveolocapillary membrane.
High altitudes may produce hypoxemia through which mechanism?
a. Shunting c. Decreased inspired oxygen
b. Hypoventilation d. Diffusion abnormalities - ANSW C
The presence of adequate oxygen content of the inspired air is the first factor. Oxygen
content is lessened at high altitudes.
Fnx
Besides dyspnea, what is the most common characteristic associated with pulmonary
disease?
a. Chest pain c. Cough
b. Digit clubbing d. Hemoptysis - ANSW C
Pulmonary disease is associated with many signs and symptoms, and their specific
characteristics often help in identifying the underlying disorder. The most common
characteristics are dyspnea and cough. Others include abnormal sputum, hemoptysis,
altered breathing patterns, hypoventilation and hyperventilation, cyanosis, clubbing of
the digits, and chest pain.
Sitting up in a forward-leaning position generally relieves which breathing disorder?
a. Hyperpnea c. Apnea
b. Orthopnea d. Dyspnea - ANSW B
Of the options available, only orthopnea (SOB while laying flat) is generally relieved by
sitting up in a forwardleaning posture or supporting the upper body on several pillows.
Kussmaul respirations as a respiratory pattern may be associated with which
characteristic(s)?
a. Alternating periods of deep and shallow breathing
b. Pulmonary fibrosis
c. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
d. Slightly increased ventilatory rate, large
tidal volumes, and no expiratory pause - ANSW D
Kussmaul respirations are characterized by a slightly increased ventilatory rate, very
large tidal volume, and no expiratory pause. Kussmaul respirations are not associated
with any of the other options
(a deep and labored breathing)
Respirations that are characterized by alternating periods of deep and shallow breathing
are a result of which respiratory mechanism?
a. Decreased blood flow to the medulla oblongata
b. Increased partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2), decreased pH, and
decreased partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2)
c. Stimulation of stretch or J-receptors
d. Fatigue of the intercostal muscles and diaphragm - ANSW A
Alternating periods of deep and shallow breathing are characteristic of Cheyne-Stokes
respirations and are the result of any condition that slows the blood flow to the
, brainstem, which in turn slows impulses that send information to the respiratory centers
of the brainstem.
With a total hemoglobin of 9 g/dl, how many grams per deciliter of hemoglobin must
become desaturated for cyanosis to occur?
a. 3 c. 7
b. 5 d. 9 - ANSW B
Cyanosis generally develops when 5 g/dl of hemoglobin is desaturated, regardless of
hemoglobin concentration.
Which statement is true regarding ventilation?
a. Hypoventilation causes hypocapnia.
b. Hyperventilation causes hypercapnia.
c. Hyperventilation causes hypocapnia.
d. Hyperventilation results in an increased partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide
(PaCO2). - ANSW C
Hyperventilation is alveolar ventilation that exceeds metabolic demands. The lungs
remove carbon dioxide at a faster rate than produced by cellular metabolism, resulting
in decreased PaCO2 or hypocapnia.
What term is used to describe the selective bulbous enlargement of the distal segment
of a digit that is commonly associated with diseases that interfere with
oxygenation of the blood?
a. Edema c. Angling
b. Clubbing d. Osteoarthropathy - ANSW B
Clubbing is the selective bulbous enlargement of the end (distal segment) of a digit
(finger or toe) (see Figure 35-1) and is commonly associated with diseases that interfere
with oxygenation, such as bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis, pulmonary fibrosis, lung
abscess, and congenital heart disease.
Pulmonary edema and pulmonary fibrosis cause hypoxemia by which mechanism?
a. Creating alveolar dead space
b. Decreasing the oxygen in inspired gas
c. Creating a right-to-left shunt
d. Impairing alveolocapillary membrane diffusion - ANSW ANS: D
Diffusion of oxygen through the alveolocapillary membrane is impaired if the
alveolocapillary membrane is thickened or if the surface area available for diffusion is
decreased. Abnormal thickness, as occurs with edema (tissue swelling) and fibrosis
(formation of fibrous lesions), increases the time required for diffusion across the
alveolocapillary membrane.
High altitudes may produce hypoxemia through which mechanism?
a. Shunting c. Decreased inspired oxygen
b. Hypoventilation d. Diffusion abnormalities - ANSW C
The presence of adequate oxygen content of the inspired air is the first factor. Oxygen
content is lessened at high altitudes.
