Lectures Introduction to Journalism Studies
LECTURE 1: INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE .................................................................... 5
GOALS: ................................................................................................................................................... 5
WHAT IS JOURNALISM FOR? (WHAT IT’S SUPPOSED TO BE) ................................................................ 5
WHAT JOURNALISM ARE WE TALKING ABOUT? HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF JOURNALISM STUDIES 5
THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM .................................................................................................................. 6
PSEUDO-ENVIRONMENT AND STEREOTYPES ................................................................................... 6
PUBLIC OPINION (TRIANGLE) .................................................................................................................. 7
STEREOTYPES ........................................................................................................................................ 7
WHAT ARE JOURNALISMS CURRENT CHALLENGES? ....................................................................... 7
LECTURE 2: CHOOSING THE STORY: NEWS VALUES ........................................................ 9
3 ISSUES CONNECTED TO THE TOPIC OF NEWS VALUES (THE 3 CENTRAL QUESTIONS): ................. 9
MAIN RESEARCH FIELDS OF INQUIRY ................................................................................................................ 9
WHAT IS WORLD NEWS FOR YOU TODAY? .......................................................................................... 9
WHAT ARE THE DETERMINING FACTORS THAT MAKE YOU USE OR PICK STORIES? ........................... 10
WHAT IS NEWS AND WHAT IS JOURNALISM? ................................................................................................... 10
DAILY EVENTS ........................................................................................................................................... 10
NEWS VALUES ARE… ................................................................................................................... 10
HOW JOURNALISTS/JOURNALISM EDUCATORS SUMMARIZE VALUES............................................ 10
WHO DECIDES WHAT IS NEWS? ..................................................................................................... 11
FAKE NEWS............................................................................................................................................... 11
DEVELOPING ‘YOUR NEWS SENSE’ .............................................................................................. 11
TYPOLOGIES AND CLASSIFICATIONS ............................................................................................................... 11
WHAT ABOUT FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF JOURNALISM STUDIES?...................................................................... 11
GALTUNG AND RUGE (1965) .......................................................................................................... 12
IMPACT FACTORS GALTUNG AND RUGE (5) .................................................................................................... 12
IDENTIFICATION FACTORS GALTUNG AND RUGE (4) ......................................................................................... 12
PRAGMATIC FACTORS ................................................................................................................................. 12
HARCUP & O’NEILL ........................................................................................................................ 13
FACTORS HARCUP & O’NEILL ................................................................................................................... 13
“HOW DO JOURNALISTS LEARN TO MAKE SENSE OF ‘HAPPENINGS’? HOW DO THEY LEARN THESE RULES?”................. 13
PROFESSIONAL SOCIALIZATION .................................................................................................... 13
ORGANIZATIONAL VALUES ............................................................................................................ 14
DIGITIZATION AND NEWS VALUES: HOW DO SOCIAL MEDIA PLATFORMS IMPACT HOW JOURNALISTS SELECT NEWS? ..... 14
HARCUP & O’NEILL (2016) .............................................................................................................. 14
THE MAIN COMPONENTS OF NEWS SELECTION AND FRAMING PROCESSES ....................................................... 14
LECTURE 3: FRAMING ............................................................................................................. 17
CONCEPTUALIZING FRAMING ........................................................................................................ 17
FRAME .......................................................................................................................................... 17
FOUR MAIN CATEGORIES OF FRAMING: ......................................................................................... 18
HOW IS POWER EMBEDDED IN FRAMING? ........................................................................................... 18
JOURNALIST FRAMING .................................................................................................................. 18
,OBJECTIVITY ................................................................................................................................. 18
THE TROUBLE WITH OBJECTIVITY ........................................................................................................ 19
APPROACHES TO STUDY NEWS FRAMES ................................................................................................... 19
ISSUE FRAMING ................................................................................................................................. 19
AUDIENCE FRAMING ...................................................................................................................... 19
NEWS FRAMING (MEDIA FRAMING) ................................................................................................ 20
SUMMARY ....................................................................................................................................... 20
THE NY TIMES: ROBOTS WILL TAKE OVER .......................................................................................... 21
WHAT DISCUSSIONS ARE WE MISSING? .......................................................................................................... 21
EMPIRICAL APPROACH TO THE STUDY OF MEDIA FRAMING ................................................................ 21
NUCLEAR ENERGY IN THE CONTEXT OF CLIMATE CHANGE: A FRAME ANALYSIS OF THE DUTCH PRINT MEDIA ............... 21
LECTURE 4: GATEKEEPING AND JOURNALISTIC POWER .............................................. 23
LECTURE FOCUS ......................................................................................................................................... 23
THE MAIN RESEARCH FIELDS OF INQUIRY ........................................................................................................ 23
HOW DO JOURNALISTS WORK: GATEKEEPING AND ROUTINIZING NEWS PRODUCTION PROCESSES
...................................................................................................................................................... 23
GATEKEEPING – ORIGINS OF THE THEORY ...................................................................................................... 23
GATEKEEPING IN JOURNALISM STUDIES ............................................................................................. 24
HALL: ‘PRIMARY DEFINERS’................................................................................................................ 24
CRITICISM OF GATEKEEPING ......................................................................................................................... 24
MAKING NEWS AS ‘PROFESSION’: JOURNALISM AS PROFESSION.................................................. 25
BOUNDARY WORK: “CLAIMING JURISDICTION” – OR: GATES ASK FOR THE PRESENCE OF FENCES –
CLAIMING AUTHORITY – THEY UNDERSTAND THE RULES – TRYING TO DEFINE THAT WE ARE A
PROFESSION, AND WE KNOW OUR STUFF ............................................................................................ 25
HOW JOURNALISTS FENCE THEIR PROFESSION: RECALLING ORGANIZATIONAL/PROFESSIONAL VALUES ........................ 25
OCCUPATIONAL VALUES AND JOURNALISTIC IDEOLOGIES (MARK DEUZE) ............................................................ 26
OBJECTIVITY ................................................................................................................................. 26
WHAT’S IN A NAME? ................................................................................................................................. 26
OBJECTIVITY – CRITIQUES ........................................................................................................................... 27
AND THE RELATION BETWEEN THE PROFESSION JOURNALISM AND THE IDEA OF GATEKEEPING?? ............................. 27
THE COLLAPSE OF GATEKEEPING? ............................................................................................... 27
WHO IS YOUR GATEKEEPER FOR NEWS? – BECAME A MUCH MORE COMPLICATED QUESTION ...... 27
AUTHORITY AND AUTONOMY UNDER THREAD ..................................................................................... 27
USER GENERATED CONTENT (UGC) ............................................................................................................. 28
THE CHANGING RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN JOURNALISTS, SOURCES AND THEIR AUDIENCES ............ 28
GATEKEEPING IN TRANSITION (BRO AND WALLBERG, 2015).......................................................................... 28
MAKING NEWS IS SELECTIVE: THE 5 LEVELS ....................................................................................... 28
NEW GATEKEEPING MECHANISMS IN THE DIGITAL AGE ...................................................................... 28
HOW ALGORITHMIC LOGIC IMPACTS NEWS WORK (STUDYING SCANDINAVIAN NEWSROOM
PRACTICE)............................................................................................................................................. 29
WHAT INTERESTS SCHOLARS WHO STUDY GATEKEEPING TODAY: ........................................................................ 29
LECTURE 5: AUDIENCES AND JOURNALISM ..................................................................... 31
THE BEGINNING OF AUDIENCE(S)’ INTERACTIONS ...................................................................................... 31
HOW IT WAS IN THE PAST ............................................................................................................................ 31
SIGNIFICANT CHANGES (FROM MASS COMMUNICATION TO TODAY’S REALITY) ...................................................... 31
A HISTORICAL NEGOTIATION ........................................................................................................................ 31
,SIGNIFICANT CHANGES (FROM MASS COMMUNICATION TO TODAY’S REALITY) ..................................................... 32
THE IMAGINED AUDIENCE(S) OF JOURNALISTS .......................................................................................... 32
WHAT HAS CHANGED WITH THE AUDIENCE(S) .......................................................................................... 32
MULTIPLE TERMS AND APPROACHES .................................................................................................. 33
PARTICIPATORY AND CITIZEN JOURNALISM.............................................................................................. 33
CITIZEN JOURNALISM ................................................................................................................................. 33
PARTICIPATORY JOURNALISM (SEHL) ............................................................................................................ 33
CROWDSOURCING ..................................................................................................................................... 34
THE MEANING OF AUDIENCE(S) TO JOURNALISM ............................................................................................. 34
THE GAP BETWEEN JOURNALISTS AND SOURCES .............................................................................................. 34
AUDIENCE EDITORS: WHAT ARE THE CURRENT DEMANDS? ................................................................................ 34
WHAT ELSE CAN BE STUDIED? ............................................................................................................... 34
LECTURE 6 ................................................................................................................................. 37
EXAM PREPARATION: .................................................................................................................... 37
THE MEANING OF GENRE ............................................................................................................... 37
GENRES IN JOURNALISM ............................................................................................................................. 37
GENRES AND STYLES (MARC DE MELO GIVES A BROAD DEFINITION) ............................................ 38
HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF A GENRE ............................................................................................... 38
NEW JOURNALISM ..................................................................................................................................... 38
PRECISION JOURNALISM ............................................................................................................................. 39
WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO STUDY GENRES? ..................................................................................................... 39
EXPLANATORY JOURNALISM ....................................................................................................................... 39
INTERVIEW, PODCAST AND FACT-CHECKING ................................................................................. 39
INTERVIEW: A GENRE AND A FORM TO GATHER INFORMATION ........................................................... 39
IN THE NETHERLANDS .......................................................................................................................... 40
WHAT MAKES A GOOD INTERVIEW? ..................................................................................................... 40
PODCAST ...................................................................................................................................... 40
FACT-CHECKING AND PODCASTS ........................................................................................................ 40
PODCAST AS AN AUDIO GENRE ............................................................................................................ 41
FACT-CHECKING ........................................................................................................................... 41
WHAT IS FACT-CHECKING? .......................................................................................................................... 41
WRAPPING UP ............................................................................................................................... 42
LECTURE 7 ................................................................................................................................. 43
THE JOURNEY SO FAR: ................................................................................................................................ 43
DEPARTURE POINT OF THE CLASS: ................................................................................................................. 43
TRIANGLE: ................................................................................................................................................ 43
STEREOTYPES AND HOW THEY SHAPE ONE’S PERCEPTION ........................................................... 43
STEREOTYPES: GENDER ............................................................................................................................... 43
MEMES AND THE ‘PRESIDENTIAL LOOK’ ............................................................................................... 44
“THERE IS GENDER, BUT ALSO RACE”.................................................................................................. 44
STEREOTYPES: RACE.................................................................................................................... 44
WHAT INFLUENCES THE NEWS COVERAGE OF PROTESTS? ............................................................... 44
THE PROTEST PARADIGM ............................................................................................................................ 45
WHAT INFLUENCES THE NEWS COVERAGE OF PROTESTS? .................................................................................. 45
“HOW ARE TRADITIONAL NOTIONS..” ................................................................................................... 45
GENDER AND POWER/ RACE AND POWER ..................................................................................... 45
, “JOURNALISM” AND DISINFORMATION .................................................................................................. 46
SOCIAL MEDIA, MIS-OR DISINFORMATION AND INFLUENCERS ............................................................ 46
WHAT CAN JOURNALISM DO ABOUT MIS- AND DISINFORMATION? ..................................................................... 46
LECTURE 1: INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE .................................................................... 5
GOALS: ................................................................................................................................................... 5
WHAT IS JOURNALISM FOR? (WHAT IT’S SUPPOSED TO BE) ................................................................ 5
WHAT JOURNALISM ARE WE TALKING ABOUT? HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF JOURNALISM STUDIES 5
THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM .................................................................................................................. 6
PSEUDO-ENVIRONMENT AND STEREOTYPES ................................................................................... 6
PUBLIC OPINION (TRIANGLE) .................................................................................................................. 7
STEREOTYPES ........................................................................................................................................ 7
WHAT ARE JOURNALISMS CURRENT CHALLENGES? ....................................................................... 7
LECTURE 2: CHOOSING THE STORY: NEWS VALUES ........................................................ 9
3 ISSUES CONNECTED TO THE TOPIC OF NEWS VALUES (THE 3 CENTRAL QUESTIONS): ................. 9
MAIN RESEARCH FIELDS OF INQUIRY ................................................................................................................ 9
WHAT IS WORLD NEWS FOR YOU TODAY? .......................................................................................... 9
WHAT ARE THE DETERMINING FACTORS THAT MAKE YOU USE OR PICK STORIES? ........................... 10
WHAT IS NEWS AND WHAT IS JOURNALISM? ................................................................................................... 10
DAILY EVENTS ........................................................................................................................................... 10
NEWS VALUES ARE… ................................................................................................................... 10
HOW JOURNALISTS/JOURNALISM EDUCATORS SUMMARIZE VALUES............................................ 10
WHO DECIDES WHAT IS NEWS? ..................................................................................................... 11
FAKE NEWS............................................................................................................................................... 11
DEVELOPING ‘YOUR NEWS SENSE’ .............................................................................................. 11
TYPOLOGIES AND CLASSIFICATIONS ............................................................................................................... 11
WHAT ABOUT FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF JOURNALISM STUDIES?...................................................................... 11
GALTUNG AND RUGE (1965) .......................................................................................................... 12
IMPACT FACTORS GALTUNG AND RUGE (5) .................................................................................................... 12
IDENTIFICATION FACTORS GALTUNG AND RUGE (4) ......................................................................................... 12
PRAGMATIC FACTORS ................................................................................................................................. 12
HARCUP & O’NEILL ........................................................................................................................ 13
FACTORS HARCUP & O’NEILL ................................................................................................................... 13
“HOW DO JOURNALISTS LEARN TO MAKE SENSE OF ‘HAPPENINGS’? HOW DO THEY LEARN THESE RULES?”................. 13
PROFESSIONAL SOCIALIZATION .................................................................................................... 13
ORGANIZATIONAL VALUES ............................................................................................................ 14
DIGITIZATION AND NEWS VALUES: HOW DO SOCIAL MEDIA PLATFORMS IMPACT HOW JOURNALISTS SELECT NEWS? ..... 14
HARCUP & O’NEILL (2016) .............................................................................................................. 14
THE MAIN COMPONENTS OF NEWS SELECTION AND FRAMING PROCESSES ....................................................... 14
LECTURE 3: FRAMING ............................................................................................................. 17
CONCEPTUALIZING FRAMING ........................................................................................................ 17
FRAME .......................................................................................................................................... 17
FOUR MAIN CATEGORIES OF FRAMING: ......................................................................................... 18
HOW IS POWER EMBEDDED IN FRAMING? ........................................................................................... 18
JOURNALIST FRAMING .................................................................................................................. 18
,OBJECTIVITY ................................................................................................................................. 18
THE TROUBLE WITH OBJECTIVITY ........................................................................................................ 19
APPROACHES TO STUDY NEWS FRAMES ................................................................................................... 19
ISSUE FRAMING ................................................................................................................................. 19
AUDIENCE FRAMING ...................................................................................................................... 19
NEWS FRAMING (MEDIA FRAMING) ................................................................................................ 20
SUMMARY ....................................................................................................................................... 20
THE NY TIMES: ROBOTS WILL TAKE OVER .......................................................................................... 21
WHAT DISCUSSIONS ARE WE MISSING? .......................................................................................................... 21
EMPIRICAL APPROACH TO THE STUDY OF MEDIA FRAMING ................................................................ 21
NUCLEAR ENERGY IN THE CONTEXT OF CLIMATE CHANGE: A FRAME ANALYSIS OF THE DUTCH PRINT MEDIA ............... 21
LECTURE 4: GATEKEEPING AND JOURNALISTIC POWER .............................................. 23
LECTURE FOCUS ......................................................................................................................................... 23
THE MAIN RESEARCH FIELDS OF INQUIRY ........................................................................................................ 23
HOW DO JOURNALISTS WORK: GATEKEEPING AND ROUTINIZING NEWS PRODUCTION PROCESSES
...................................................................................................................................................... 23
GATEKEEPING – ORIGINS OF THE THEORY ...................................................................................................... 23
GATEKEEPING IN JOURNALISM STUDIES ............................................................................................. 24
HALL: ‘PRIMARY DEFINERS’................................................................................................................ 24
CRITICISM OF GATEKEEPING ......................................................................................................................... 24
MAKING NEWS AS ‘PROFESSION’: JOURNALISM AS PROFESSION.................................................. 25
BOUNDARY WORK: “CLAIMING JURISDICTION” – OR: GATES ASK FOR THE PRESENCE OF FENCES –
CLAIMING AUTHORITY – THEY UNDERSTAND THE RULES – TRYING TO DEFINE THAT WE ARE A
PROFESSION, AND WE KNOW OUR STUFF ............................................................................................ 25
HOW JOURNALISTS FENCE THEIR PROFESSION: RECALLING ORGANIZATIONAL/PROFESSIONAL VALUES ........................ 25
OCCUPATIONAL VALUES AND JOURNALISTIC IDEOLOGIES (MARK DEUZE) ............................................................ 26
OBJECTIVITY ................................................................................................................................. 26
WHAT’S IN A NAME? ................................................................................................................................. 26
OBJECTIVITY – CRITIQUES ........................................................................................................................... 27
AND THE RELATION BETWEEN THE PROFESSION JOURNALISM AND THE IDEA OF GATEKEEPING?? ............................. 27
THE COLLAPSE OF GATEKEEPING? ............................................................................................... 27
WHO IS YOUR GATEKEEPER FOR NEWS? – BECAME A MUCH MORE COMPLICATED QUESTION ...... 27
AUTHORITY AND AUTONOMY UNDER THREAD ..................................................................................... 27
USER GENERATED CONTENT (UGC) ............................................................................................................. 28
THE CHANGING RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN JOURNALISTS, SOURCES AND THEIR AUDIENCES ............ 28
GATEKEEPING IN TRANSITION (BRO AND WALLBERG, 2015).......................................................................... 28
MAKING NEWS IS SELECTIVE: THE 5 LEVELS ....................................................................................... 28
NEW GATEKEEPING MECHANISMS IN THE DIGITAL AGE ...................................................................... 28
HOW ALGORITHMIC LOGIC IMPACTS NEWS WORK (STUDYING SCANDINAVIAN NEWSROOM
PRACTICE)............................................................................................................................................. 29
WHAT INTERESTS SCHOLARS WHO STUDY GATEKEEPING TODAY: ........................................................................ 29
LECTURE 5: AUDIENCES AND JOURNALISM ..................................................................... 31
THE BEGINNING OF AUDIENCE(S)’ INTERACTIONS ...................................................................................... 31
HOW IT WAS IN THE PAST ............................................................................................................................ 31
SIGNIFICANT CHANGES (FROM MASS COMMUNICATION TO TODAY’S REALITY) ...................................................... 31
A HISTORICAL NEGOTIATION ........................................................................................................................ 31
,SIGNIFICANT CHANGES (FROM MASS COMMUNICATION TO TODAY’S REALITY) ..................................................... 32
THE IMAGINED AUDIENCE(S) OF JOURNALISTS .......................................................................................... 32
WHAT HAS CHANGED WITH THE AUDIENCE(S) .......................................................................................... 32
MULTIPLE TERMS AND APPROACHES .................................................................................................. 33
PARTICIPATORY AND CITIZEN JOURNALISM.............................................................................................. 33
CITIZEN JOURNALISM ................................................................................................................................. 33
PARTICIPATORY JOURNALISM (SEHL) ............................................................................................................ 33
CROWDSOURCING ..................................................................................................................................... 34
THE MEANING OF AUDIENCE(S) TO JOURNALISM ............................................................................................. 34
THE GAP BETWEEN JOURNALISTS AND SOURCES .............................................................................................. 34
AUDIENCE EDITORS: WHAT ARE THE CURRENT DEMANDS? ................................................................................ 34
WHAT ELSE CAN BE STUDIED? ............................................................................................................... 34
LECTURE 6 ................................................................................................................................. 37
EXAM PREPARATION: .................................................................................................................... 37
THE MEANING OF GENRE ............................................................................................................... 37
GENRES IN JOURNALISM ............................................................................................................................. 37
GENRES AND STYLES (MARC DE MELO GIVES A BROAD DEFINITION) ............................................ 38
HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF A GENRE ............................................................................................... 38
NEW JOURNALISM ..................................................................................................................................... 38
PRECISION JOURNALISM ............................................................................................................................. 39
WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO STUDY GENRES? ..................................................................................................... 39
EXPLANATORY JOURNALISM ....................................................................................................................... 39
INTERVIEW, PODCAST AND FACT-CHECKING ................................................................................. 39
INTERVIEW: A GENRE AND A FORM TO GATHER INFORMATION ........................................................... 39
IN THE NETHERLANDS .......................................................................................................................... 40
WHAT MAKES A GOOD INTERVIEW? ..................................................................................................... 40
PODCAST ...................................................................................................................................... 40
FACT-CHECKING AND PODCASTS ........................................................................................................ 40
PODCAST AS AN AUDIO GENRE ............................................................................................................ 41
FACT-CHECKING ........................................................................................................................... 41
WHAT IS FACT-CHECKING? .......................................................................................................................... 41
WRAPPING UP ............................................................................................................................... 42
LECTURE 7 ................................................................................................................................. 43
THE JOURNEY SO FAR: ................................................................................................................................ 43
DEPARTURE POINT OF THE CLASS: ................................................................................................................. 43
TRIANGLE: ................................................................................................................................................ 43
STEREOTYPES AND HOW THEY SHAPE ONE’S PERCEPTION ........................................................... 43
STEREOTYPES: GENDER ............................................................................................................................... 43
MEMES AND THE ‘PRESIDENTIAL LOOK’ ............................................................................................... 44
“THERE IS GENDER, BUT ALSO RACE”.................................................................................................. 44
STEREOTYPES: RACE.................................................................................................................... 44
WHAT INFLUENCES THE NEWS COVERAGE OF PROTESTS? ............................................................... 44
THE PROTEST PARADIGM ............................................................................................................................ 45
WHAT INFLUENCES THE NEWS COVERAGE OF PROTESTS? .................................................................................. 45
“HOW ARE TRADITIONAL NOTIONS..” ................................................................................................... 45
GENDER AND POWER/ RACE AND POWER ..................................................................................... 45
, “JOURNALISM” AND DISINFORMATION .................................................................................................. 46
SOCIAL MEDIA, MIS-OR DISINFORMATION AND INFLUENCERS ............................................................ 46
WHAT CAN JOURNALISM DO ABOUT MIS- AND DISINFORMATION? ..................................................................... 46
