BIO260 Week 3 Case Studies - Inflammation, Immunity and Related Disorders 2023/24

BIO260 Week 3 Case Studies - Inflammation, Immunity and Related Disorders 2023/24 Case study: Scenario 1: Kevin is a 58-year-old mechanic living in rural Arizona. While repairing a vehicle, he sustains a left forearm laceration from a dirty, sharp piece of metal from within the vehicle. The 5 cm (2 inch) wound bled initially. Kevin rinsed off his wound and bandaged it with gauze. Three days following the injury, Kevin begins to notice surrounding redness, warmth, swelling, and pain to the wound. The laceration is also oozing bloodstained pus onto the gauze. Kevin decides to visit an urgent care clinic where he is diagnosed with cellulitis of the left forearm. At the clinic, he is advised to elevate it through the night as well as clean and rebandage the wound 2x/day. He has been prescribed cephalexin QID for the cellulitis. VS: Temp: 36.9ºC, HR: 70, BP: 130/85, O2Sat: 97% Focused Exam: Kevin appears well. Left forearm has a 5 cm (2 inch) laceration healing by 2º/3º intention with surrounding redness, warmth, and tenderness to palpation. There is obvious swelling to the forearm. No lymphangitis or axillary discomfort. 1) Briefly discuss the term cellulitis. Cellulitis is a common bacterial infection that may spread rapidly. The injured area may appear red and swollen that feels hot and tender to the touch. It can be life threatening if not treated. 2) Discuss the components of Kevin’s innate immune system. The components of innate immune system can be first line defence and second line defence. The first line defence are physical barriers that restricts the entry such as skin, mucus membranes and secretion of skin and mucous membranes. The second line of defence are response to cells to injury such as phagocytic leukocyte, antimicrobial proteins, inflammatory response, and fever. 3) Discuss the phases of the inflammatory response. (vascular, cellular, systemic) What is opsonisation and how does it relate to the compliment system? Inflammatory response is a multi staged process where WBC are brought to injured tissue and secrete mediators that controls the process from initial injury to resolution or longterm inflammation. The acute inflammatory response includes 3 stages: Vascular permeability: Inflammatory mediators such as histamine cause vasodilation that increases blood flow to the site if injury. Cellular chemotaxis: The chemical signals from microbial agents attracts WBCs and platelets to the injured site and attempts to stop the inflammatory process. Systemic response: It is the whole body’s response to inflammation experience such as fever, pain, sleepiness etc. Fever is the most common manifestation of inflammation and infection. Opsonization is the process by which bacteria are altered by opsonin’s and becomes more readily and efficiently to be engulfed by phagocytosis. 1 4) Briefly discuss how the adaptive immune system differs from his innate immune system. . . . . . . . .. .