ORACLE 11G(grid)
Data: 27/2/2015
There are mainly two different types of database language is ORACLE. They are:
1) SQL (STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE)
2) PL/SQL (PROCEDURAL LANGUAGE extension of SQL)
3) Dynamic SQL.(optional)
ORACLE is a Relational Database product which is used to store data permanently in
secondary storage devices. If you want to operate ORACLE then we are using following
languages:
1) SQL: It is non-procedural language.
2) PL/SQL: It is a procedural language.
All organizations store same type of data.
DATA: It is a collection of Raw facts.
Example: 101 dinesh 2000
102 mahesh 3000
In above example, there no meaningful data such data is known as Raw facts.
INFORMATION: It is a collection of meaningful data or processed data.
Example: EmpID Ename Salary
101 dinesh 2000
102 mahesh 3000
In the above example, there is meaningful data which is in table format which consist of
three different fields.
DATA STORE: It is a place where we can store data or information.
1) Books & Papers
2) Flat files
3) Database
FLAT FILES: This is a traditional mechanism which is used to store data or information in
individual unrelated files. These files are also called as Flat Files.
Drawbacks of Flat files:
1) Data Retrieval
2) Data Redundancy
3) Data Integrity
MUARLI SIR 2015
1
,4) Data Security
5) Data Indexing
1) Data Retrieval: If we want to retrieve data from flat files then we must develop
application program in high level languages, where as if we want to retrieve data from
databases then we are using Sequel Language.
SEQUEL (Structured English Query Language)
Date: 28/2/2015
2) Data Redundancy: Sometimes we are maintaining multiple copies of the same data in
different locations this data is also called as Duplicate data or Redundant data. In Flat files
mechanism when we are modifying data in one location it is not effected in another
location. This is called INCONSISTENCY.
Date: 2/3/2015
In databases, every transaction internally having 4 properties. These properties are known as
ACID properties.
ACID Properties:
A mean Atomicity (ROLLBACK)
C mean Consistency
I mean Isolation
D mean Durability (COMMIT)
These properties only automatically maintains consistent data in databases.
3) Data Integrity: Integrity means to maintain proper data. If we want to maintain proper
data then we are defining set of rules, these rules are also called as “ Business rules”. In
databases, we are maintaining proper data using „constraints‟, „triggers‟. If we want to
maintain proper data in flat files we must develop application programs in high level
languages like COBOL, JAVA, ETC…..
4) Data Security: Data stored in flat files cannot be secured because flat files doesn‟t
provides security mechanism. Whereas databases provides “ROLE based security”.
5) Data Indexing: If we want to retrieve data very quickly from database then we are using
indexing mechanism. Whereas flat files doesn‟t provide indexing mechanism.
To overcome all the above problems, a new software used by all organization to store data or
information in secondary storage devices. This is called DBMS software.
DBMS (DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM):
It is a collection of programs (S/W) written to manage database.
Example: ORACLE, FOXPRO, DB2, TERADATA, SQLSERVER, SYBASE, MYSQL, INGRESS,
INFORMIX, SQLLITE…… etc;
MUARLI SIR 2015
2
,In file based approach, every application program in the organization maintain its own file
separate from other application program.
FILE based approach:
Here custno and cust name attributes are duplicate data.
THIS IS OLD APPROACH
Once we are installing DBMS software into our system then automatically some place is
created in hard disc. This is called “Physical Database”. And also automatically an user
interface is created. Through the user interface we can also directly interactive with the
database or indirectly interactive with the database using application programs in high level
languages.
MUARLI SIR 2015
3
, “AFTER INSTALLING DBMS SOFTWARE”
Date: 3/3/2015
DATABASE: It is an organized collection of interrelated data used by application program in
an organization. Once data stored in database it can be shared by number of users
simultaneously and also this data can be integrated.
DBMS Architecture: American National Standard Institute(ANSI) has established three level
architecture for database. This architecture is also called as “ansi/sparc” (Standard Planning
And Requirements Committee) architecture.
Main objective of DBMS architecture is to separate users view of the database from the where
physically it is stored.
This architecture mainly consist of three levels. They are:
1) External level
2) Conceptual level
3) Internal level
MUARLI SIR 2015
4
Data: 27/2/2015
There are mainly two different types of database language is ORACLE. They are:
1) SQL (STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE)
2) PL/SQL (PROCEDURAL LANGUAGE extension of SQL)
3) Dynamic SQL.(optional)
ORACLE is a Relational Database product which is used to store data permanently in
secondary storage devices. If you want to operate ORACLE then we are using following
languages:
1) SQL: It is non-procedural language.
2) PL/SQL: It is a procedural language.
All organizations store same type of data.
DATA: It is a collection of Raw facts.
Example: 101 dinesh 2000
102 mahesh 3000
In above example, there no meaningful data such data is known as Raw facts.
INFORMATION: It is a collection of meaningful data or processed data.
Example: EmpID Ename Salary
101 dinesh 2000
102 mahesh 3000
In the above example, there is meaningful data which is in table format which consist of
three different fields.
DATA STORE: It is a place where we can store data or information.
1) Books & Papers
2) Flat files
3) Database
FLAT FILES: This is a traditional mechanism which is used to store data or information in
individual unrelated files. These files are also called as Flat Files.
Drawbacks of Flat files:
1) Data Retrieval
2) Data Redundancy
3) Data Integrity
MUARLI SIR 2015
1
,4) Data Security
5) Data Indexing
1) Data Retrieval: If we want to retrieve data from flat files then we must develop
application program in high level languages, where as if we want to retrieve data from
databases then we are using Sequel Language.
SEQUEL (Structured English Query Language)
Date: 28/2/2015
2) Data Redundancy: Sometimes we are maintaining multiple copies of the same data in
different locations this data is also called as Duplicate data or Redundant data. In Flat files
mechanism when we are modifying data in one location it is not effected in another
location. This is called INCONSISTENCY.
Date: 2/3/2015
In databases, every transaction internally having 4 properties. These properties are known as
ACID properties.
ACID Properties:
A mean Atomicity (ROLLBACK)
C mean Consistency
I mean Isolation
D mean Durability (COMMIT)
These properties only automatically maintains consistent data in databases.
3) Data Integrity: Integrity means to maintain proper data. If we want to maintain proper
data then we are defining set of rules, these rules are also called as “ Business rules”. In
databases, we are maintaining proper data using „constraints‟, „triggers‟. If we want to
maintain proper data in flat files we must develop application programs in high level
languages like COBOL, JAVA, ETC…..
4) Data Security: Data stored in flat files cannot be secured because flat files doesn‟t
provides security mechanism. Whereas databases provides “ROLE based security”.
5) Data Indexing: If we want to retrieve data very quickly from database then we are using
indexing mechanism. Whereas flat files doesn‟t provide indexing mechanism.
To overcome all the above problems, a new software used by all organization to store data or
information in secondary storage devices. This is called DBMS software.
DBMS (DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM):
It is a collection of programs (S/W) written to manage database.
Example: ORACLE, FOXPRO, DB2, TERADATA, SQLSERVER, SYBASE, MYSQL, INGRESS,
INFORMIX, SQLLITE…… etc;
MUARLI SIR 2015
2
,In file based approach, every application program in the organization maintain its own file
separate from other application program.
FILE based approach:
Here custno and cust name attributes are duplicate data.
THIS IS OLD APPROACH
Once we are installing DBMS software into our system then automatically some place is
created in hard disc. This is called “Physical Database”. And also automatically an user
interface is created. Through the user interface we can also directly interactive with the
database or indirectly interactive with the database using application programs in high level
languages.
MUARLI SIR 2015
3
, “AFTER INSTALLING DBMS SOFTWARE”
Date: 3/3/2015
DATABASE: It is an organized collection of interrelated data used by application program in
an organization. Once data stored in database it can be shared by number of users
simultaneously and also this data can be integrated.
DBMS Architecture: American National Standard Institute(ANSI) has established three level
architecture for database. This architecture is also called as “ansi/sparc” (Standard Planning
And Requirements Committee) architecture.
Main objective of DBMS architecture is to separate users view of the database from the where
physically it is stored.
This architecture mainly consist of three levels. They are:
1) External level
2) Conceptual level
3) Internal level
MUARLI SIR 2015
4
