Chapter 1: Organisation of the Body Test Bank Martin Caon Examination Questions and Answers in Basic Anatomy and Physiology Third Edition

Martin Caon Examination Questions and Answers in Basic Anatomy and Physiology Third Edition Chapter 1: Organisation of the Body A large part of beginning the study of anatomy and physiology is learning the specialised words that are used. This new terminology may seem daunting, but the challenge lies in its unfamiliarity rather than its difficulty of comprehension. You must expect to encounter a lot of new words and be prepared to learn them over the course of your study. Most of the words contain information as the words are constructed with a prefix and a suffix or a stem that identifies the word as referring to a specific part of anatomy or physiology. Many anatomical and physiological terms are in fact descriptions. For example extensor carpi radialis longus refers to a muscle that extends (extensor) the hand at the wrist (the carpals) that lies over the radius bone (radialis) and is the longer (longus) of the two muscles. The name also implies that there is a similar muscle that is not “longus”—it is the extensor carpi radialis brevis. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) refers to a molecule that contains units of a ribose sugar with an oxygen atom removed, attached to a base to form a nucleoside and also attached to a phosphoric acid. This sometimes makes the words rather long or unusual. You should know what the anatomical position of the body is and in what direction the transverse, sagittal and coronal planes of the body lie. Directional terms such as proximal/distal; deep/superficial; superior/inferior; lateral/medial; anterior/ posterior and caudal/cephalic allow the location of one anatomical feature to be placed relative to another. The dorsal and ventral body cavities are located on different sides of the body and contain different organs. For ease of communication, the abdomen is divided into nine regions: right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right inguinal, hypogastric (or pubic) and left inguinal regions. Furthermore, you should be aware that superficial anatomical landmarks are referred to by regional names such as popliteal, calcaneal, cephalic, axillary and acromial. You should know the difference between physiology and anatomy and the definitions of metabolism, anabolism and catabolism. 1. Which of the listed term is described as “All the chemical processes that take place in the organelles and cytoplasm cells of the body”? a. Metabolism b. Cellular respiration c. Homeostasis d. Physiology Answer is A: The quoted statement is the definition of metabolism. 2. Which of the following is the best definition of physiology? a. The microscopic study of tissues and cells b. The study of how the body works c. All the chemical processes that take place in the organelles of the body cells d. The body’s automatic tendency to maintain a relatively constant internal environment Answer is B: Physiology is indeed the study of how the (healthy) body functions. 3. What is the study of how body parts function called? a. Histology b. Physiology c. Homeostasis d. Metabolism Answer is B: Physiology refers to function. 4. What does the process known as anabolism refer to? a. The use of energy for producing chemical substances b. The breaking down phase of metabolism c. All the chemical processes that take place in the organelles of the cells d. The supply of nutrients to the body cells Answer is A: Anabolism refers to the process of constructing/building molecules (think anabolic steroids). B refers to catabolism. C is metabolism. 5. Which major organ lies deep to the right hypochondriac region? a. Stomach b. Spleen c. Liver d. Duodenum Answer is C: Hypochondriac = below the rib cartilage (chondra = cartilage); liver is located mostly on the right side. 6. Which plane divides the body into dorsal and ventral regions? a. Transverse b. Axial c. Coronal d. Sagittal Answer is C: Dorsal and ventral = front and back—a coronal section so divides the body into these sections. 7. The “anatomical position” could be described as which of the following? a. Lying down prone b. Lying down supine c. Standing displaying the ventral surface of the body d. Standing with arms and legs abducted Answer is C: This is the best answer. Standing is required, as is having the arms hanging parallel to the sides, with palms facing forward