Hondros BIO 117 Exam 2 Verified 100% Correct!!
Shaft of long bone
diaphysis
Site of longitudinal bone growth
epiphyseal disc
Bone-building cell
osteoblast
Site of blood cell production
red bone marrow
Tough outer covering of the bone
periosteum
Enlarged end of a long bone
epiphysis
Cancellous bone
spongy bone
Osteon
haversian system
Bone-eroding cell that helps in bone marrow remodeling
osteoclast
Hollow center of a long bone
medullary cavity
The epiphyseal disc is
composed of cartilage and is involved in the growth of long bones
Osteoclastic activity
stimulates bone breakdown
Depression of the red bone marrow
causes a life-threatening decline in red blood cells
Osteoporosis affects the older population, with women being more affected.
Other bone diseases cause a decrease in bone density. Which hormone could
possibly be contributing to this, what cell is turning on and which cell is turning
off?
Parathyroid Hormone, turning on osteoclasts, turning off osteoblasts
What are all the bones of the Pelvic and Pectoral Girdles?
Pelvic Girdle: Sacrum, Coccyx, Pelvic bone (ilium, ischium, pubis)
Pectoral Girdle: Scapula and Clavicle
If we needed less calcium in the bloodstream, what hormone would I want to use?
What gland does this hormone come from? What cell does it stimulate? What cell
does it inhibit?
Calcitonin from the thyroid gland, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts
What are the bones of the arm? What bone does each articulate with? What
special cartilage can we see at the ends of these articulating bones? Is this
appendicular skeleton or axial skeleton?
Humerus (articulates with scapula, radius, ulna), radius (articulates with humerus, ulna,
carpals), ulna (articulates with radius, humerus, carpals)
, Special Cartilage = articular cartilage
Appendicular skeleton
What are the bones of the leg? What bone does each articulate? Where would I
see synovial fluid?
Femur (articulates with pelvic bone, tibia, patella), Tibia (articulates with fibula, patella,
talus), Fibula (articulates with tibia, talus)
Synovial fluid is in the knee joint
What bones make up the axial skeleton?
Cranium, Vertebrae, Rib cage, Pelvic bone
If someone is suffering from tendonitis, what is inflamed? What does this
structure connect?
The muscle tendon is inflamed, it connects muscle to bone.
What do ligaments connect?
bone to bone
What do aponeuroses connect?
muscle to muscle
What is the function of the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum?
To store and release calcium for muscle contraction
Muscles are constantly using a lot of energy, what special organelle would we
expect to see here? What is the function of that organelle?
Mitochondria, they produce ATP.
When oxygen is around what kind of process do our cells use?
Aerobic
When oxygen is not around what kind of process do our cells use?
Anerobic
Is aerobic or anaerobic more favorable?
Aerobic
Muscles have 2 main actions: contraction and relaxation, nervous stimulation are
needed to stimulate the muscle to contract. What kind of neuron innervates the
muscle fiber? What kind of neurotransmitter is needed to complete this action?
Somatic Motor Neuron and Acetylcholine
If a muscle is a synergist to another muscle, what does this mean?
Its action is the same as the muscle
If a muscle is an antagonist to another muscle, what does this mean?
Its action is opposite to the muscle
What muscles cause flexion of the leg?
Biceps femoris, semitendonitis, semimembranousis
What muscles cause adduction of the arm?
Latissimus dorsi and pectoralis major
What muscles cause dorsiflexion?
Tibialis Anterior
What muscles cause plantarflexion?
Gastrocnemius and soleus
Shaft of long bone
diaphysis
Site of longitudinal bone growth
epiphyseal disc
Bone-building cell
osteoblast
Site of blood cell production
red bone marrow
Tough outer covering of the bone
periosteum
Enlarged end of a long bone
epiphysis
Cancellous bone
spongy bone
Osteon
haversian system
Bone-eroding cell that helps in bone marrow remodeling
osteoclast
Hollow center of a long bone
medullary cavity
The epiphyseal disc is
composed of cartilage and is involved in the growth of long bones
Osteoclastic activity
stimulates bone breakdown
Depression of the red bone marrow
causes a life-threatening decline in red blood cells
Osteoporosis affects the older population, with women being more affected.
Other bone diseases cause a decrease in bone density. Which hormone could
possibly be contributing to this, what cell is turning on and which cell is turning
off?
Parathyroid Hormone, turning on osteoclasts, turning off osteoblasts
What are all the bones of the Pelvic and Pectoral Girdles?
Pelvic Girdle: Sacrum, Coccyx, Pelvic bone (ilium, ischium, pubis)
Pectoral Girdle: Scapula and Clavicle
If we needed less calcium in the bloodstream, what hormone would I want to use?
What gland does this hormone come from? What cell does it stimulate? What cell
does it inhibit?
Calcitonin from the thyroid gland, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts
What are the bones of the arm? What bone does each articulate with? What
special cartilage can we see at the ends of these articulating bones? Is this
appendicular skeleton or axial skeleton?
Humerus (articulates with scapula, radius, ulna), radius (articulates with humerus, ulna,
carpals), ulna (articulates with radius, humerus, carpals)
, Special Cartilage = articular cartilage
Appendicular skeleton
What are the bones of the leg? What bone does each articulate? Where would I
see synovial fluid?
Femur (articulates with pelvic bone, tibia, patella), Tibia (articulates with fibula, patella,
talus), Fibula (articulates with tibia, talus)
Synovial fluid is in the knee joint
What bones make up the axial skeleton?
Cranium, Vertebrae, Rib cage, Pelvic bone
If someone is suffering from tendonitis, what is inflamed? What does this
structure connect?
The muscle tendon is inflamed, it connects muscle to bone.
What do ligaments connect?
bone to bone
What do aponeuroses connect?
muscle to muscle
What is the function of the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum?
To store and release calcium for muscle contraction
Muscles are constantly using a lot of energy, what special organelle would we
expect to see here? What is the function of that organelle?
Mitochondria, they produce ATP.
When oxygen is around what kind of process do our cells use?
Aerobic
When oxygen is not around what kind of process do our cells use?
Anerobic
Is aerobic or anaerobic more favorable?
Aerobic
Muscles have 2 main actions: contraction and relaxation, nervous stimulation are
needed to stimulate the muscle to contract. What kind of neuron innervates the
muscle fiber? What kind of neurotransmitter is needed to complete this action?
Somatic Motor Neuron and Acetylcholine
If a muscle is a synergist to another muscle, what does this mean?
Its action is the same as the muscle
If a muscle is an antagonist to another muscle, what does this mean?
Its action is opposite to the muscle
What muscles cause flexion of the leg?
Biceps femoris, semitendonitis, semimembranousis
What muscles cause adduction of the arm?
Latissimus dorsi and pectoralis major
What muscles cause dorsiflexion?
Tibialis Anterior
What muscles cause plantarflexion?
Gastrocnemius and soleus
