EPPP Exam Questions (Correct Answers)
J. Berry acculturation, integrationCorrect AnswersJ. Barry conceptualizes acculturation
as many models existing on a continuum, with the minority culture and the majority or
mainstream culture at opposite poles. Integration would be displayed by an individual
who has high retention of the minority culture and high maintenance of the mainstream
culture.
Lenore Walker cycle of violence, battered womenCorrect AnswersLenore Walker
describes a cycle of violence that involves three stags: tension building, acute battering
incident, and loving contrition. According to Walker, most of the benefits of the
relationship occur in the third stage, when the batterer offers apologies, assurances that
the attacks will never happen again, and declarations of love. The relationship tends to
remain stable when the balance between the costs of the abuse and the benefits of the
relationship are fairly similar. As violence escalates, the relationship becomes more
unstable, and the man escalates his charming behavior in an attempt to restore stability.
behavioral contrast effectCorrect AnswersIf we are reinforced for performing two
different operants, and reinforcement for one of these behaviors stops, we tend to
increase the rate of the remaining reinforced behavior. That is probably because the
reinforcement that remains seems to become more valuable.
doctrine of comparable worthCorrect AnswersStates that workers (in particular, men
and women) should get equal pay for performing jobs that have equivalent worth (use
job evaluation)
M. Seligman theory of learned optimismCorrect AnswersIn Seligman's theory of learned
optimism, attributions of optimistic people are believed to be the opposite of attributions
of depressed people. Since depressed people make internal, stable, and global
attributions to negative events, optimistic people would tend to make external, unstable,
and specific attributions in response to negative events. Therefore, we can readily
eliminate "B" ("I didn't study enough") since that's an internal attribution. Choice "C"
("the teacher is always a tough grader") is a stable attribution. That leaves Choices "A"
("I was unlucky") and Choice "D" ("the test was hard this time") - which are both external
and unstable attributions. Of the two, however, Choice "D" is better since being unlucky
would imply that success is a matter of luck.
Course of Antisocial Personality DisorderCorrect AnswersThe symptoms of Antisocial
Personality Disorder (APD), particularly criminal behaviors, often become less evident
as an individual grows older (DSM-TR-IV, p. 704). APD has a chronic course and while
some symptoms like criminal behaviors may decrease, other symptoms such as
difficulties with interpersonal relationships may persist. (See: Paris, J. (2004).
Personality disorders over time: Implications for therapy, American Journal of
Psychotherapy, 58(4), 420-429.)
Group polarizationCorrect AnswersA group's decisions tend to be more extreme (in one
direction or the other) than those that would be made by individuals in the group acting
alone. This phenomenon is referred to as group polarization. One explanation for group
polarization is that group members are more willing to support extreme decisions
because, as group members, they won't have to take as much personal responsibility
for their decisions as they would if they were acting alone.
, Solomon's four group designCorrect Answersa true experimental design used to
evaluate the effects of pretesting, since some groups are pretested and others are not.
MANOVACorrect AnswersA MANOVA (multivariate analysis of variance) is used to
analyze the effects of one or more independent variables on two or more dependent
variables that are each measured on an interval or ratio scale.
factorial ANOVACorrect AnswersA factorial ANOVA (a.) is used to analyze data when a
factorial design, which includes two or more independent variables, is used and the
dependent variable is measured on an interval or ratio scale.
Factorial designs also allow for the assessment of both main effects (the effects of each
independent variable considered individually) and interaction effects (the effects of each
variable at the different levels of the other variable). The study described in this question
has two "significant main effects" for the independent variables: type of reading program
and past level of reading comprehension. And a "significant interaction effect" means
that the effects of the different reading programs varied significantly for students at
different reading levels. For example, "Reading Program A" may have been highly
effective for above average students, moderately effective for average students, yet
ineffective for below average students. On the other hand, "Reading Program B" may
have been only effective for below average students, while "Reading Program C" may
not have been effective for any students.
One-Way ANOVACorrect AnswersA one-way ANOVA (c.) is used when a study has
one independent variable and more than two independent groups.
Split-Plot (mixed) ANOVACorrect AnswersThe split-plot (mixed) ANOVA (d.) is the
appropriate technique when at least one independent variable is a between-groups
variable and another independent variable is a within-subjects variable.
experiment wise error rateCorrect Answersalpha (chance of Type I error) for all
analyses done on a data set
capitationCorrect AnswersA common method of reimbursement used primarily by health
maintenance organizations in which the provider or medical facility is paid a fixed, per
capita amount for each individual enrolled in the plan, regardless of how many or few
services the patient uses.
time-series quasi-experimental designCorrect Answers-Used when only ONE group is
available to study over a longer period of time
-Useful for determining trends over time
-Data are collected multiple times before the introduction of the treatment ot establish a
baseline point of reference on outcomes.
-The experimental treatment is introduced and data are collected multiple times
afterward to determine a change from baseline.
-The broad range and number of data-collection points helps rule out alternative
explanations, such as history effects.
-Potential threats to Internal validity: Testing--b/c of multiple data-collection points,
maturation and selection--b/c lack of control group
Transvestic fetishismCorrect Answersheterosexual male has recurrent intense sexually
arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors involving cross dressing.
ExhibitionismCorrect Answersexposing of one's genitals to an unsuspecting stranger
J. Berry acculturation, integrationCorrect AnswersJ. Barry conceptualizes acculturation
as many models existing on a continuum, with the minority culture and the majority or
mainstream culture at opposite poles. Integration would be displayed by an individual
who has high retention of the minority culture and high maintenance of the mainstream
culture.
Lenore Walker cycle of violence, battered womenCorrect AnswersLenore Walker
describes a cycle of violence that involves three stags: tension building, acute battering
incident, and loving contrition. According to Walker, most of the benefits of the
relationship occur in the third stage, when the batterer offers apologies, assurances that
the attacks will never happen again, and declarations of love. The relationship tends to
remain stable when the balance between the costs of the abuse and the benefits of the
relationship are fairly similar. As violence escalates, the relationship becomes more
unstable, and the man escalates his charming behavior in an attempt to restore stability.
behavioral contrast effectCorrect AnswersIf we are reinforced for performing two
different operants, and reinforcement for one of these behaviors stops, we tend to
increase the rate of the remaining reinforced behavior. That is probably because the
reinforcement that remains seems to become more valuable.
doctrine of comparable worthCorrect AnswersStates that workers (in particular, men
and women) should get equal pay for performing jobs that have equivalent worth (use
job evaluation)
M. Seligman theory of learned optimismCorrect AnswersIn Seligman's theory of learned
optimism, attributions of optimistic people are believed to be the opposite of attributions
of depressed people. Since depressed people make internal, stable, and global
attributions to negative events, optimistic people would tend to make external, unstable,
and specific attributions in response to negative events. Therefore, we can readily
eliminate "B" ("I didn't study enough") since that's an internal attribution. Choice "C"
("the teacher is always a tough grader") is a stable attribution. That leaves Choices "A"
("I was unlucky") and Choice "D" ("the test was hard this time") - which are both external
and unstable attributions. Of the two, however, Choice "D" is better since being unlucky
would imply that success is a matter of luck.
Course of Antisocial Personality DisorderCorrect AnswersThe symptoms of Antisocial
Personality Disorder (APD), particularly criminal behaviors, often become less evident
as an individual grows older (DSM-TR-IV, p. 704). APD has a chronic course and while
some symptoms like criminal behaviors may decrease, other symptoms such as
difficulties with interpersonal relationships may persist. (See: Paris, J. (2004).
Personality disorders over time: Implications for therapy, American Journal of
Psychotherapy, 58(4), 420-429.)
Group polarizationCorrect AnswersA group's decisions tend to be more extreme (in one
direction or the other) than those that would be made by individuals in the group acting
alone. This phenomenon is referred to as group polarization. One explanation for group
polarization is that group members are more willing to support extreme decisions
because, as group members, they won't have to take as much personal responsibility
for their decisions as they would if they were acting alone.
, Solomon's four group designCorrect Answersa true experimental design used to
evaluate the effects of pretesting, since some groups are pretested and others are not.
MANOVACorrect AnswersA MANOVA (multivariate analysis of variance) is used to
analyze the effects of one or more independent variables on two or more dependent
variables that are each measured on an interval or ratio scale.
factorial ANOVACorrect AnswersA factorial ANOVA (a.) is used to analyze data when a
factorial design, which includes two or more independent variables, is used and the
dependent variable is measured on an interval or ratio scale.
Factorial designs also allow for the assessment of both main effects (the effects of each
independent variable considered individually) and interaction effects (the effects of each
variable at the different levels of the other variable). The study described in this question
has two "significant main effects" for the independent variables: type of reading program
and past level of reading comprehension. And a "significant interaction effect" means
that the effects of the different reading programs varied significantly for students at
different reading levels. For example, "Reading Program A" may have been highly
effective for above average students, moderately effective for average students, yet
ineffective for below average students. On the other hand, "Reading Program B" may
have been only effective for below average students, while "Reading Program C" may
not have been effective for any students.
One-Way ANOVACorrect AnswersA one-way ANOVA (c.) is used when a study has
one independent variable and more than two independent groups.
Split-Plot (mixed) ANOVACorrect AnswersThe split-plot (mixed) ANOVA (d.) is the
appropriate technique when at least one independent variable is a between-groups
variable and another independent variable is a within-subjects variable.
experiment wise error rateCorrect Answersalpha (chance of Type I error) for all
analyses done on a data set
capitationCorrect AnswersA common method of reimbursement used primarily by health
maintenance organizations in which the provider or medical facility is paid a fixed, per
capita amount for each individual enrolled in the plan, regardless of how many or few
services the patient uses.
time-series quasi-experimental designCorrect Answers-Used when only ONE group is
available to study over a longer period of time
-Useful for determining trends over time
-Data are collected multiple times before the introduction of the treatment ot establish a
baseline point of reference on outcomes.
-The experimental treatment is introduced and data are collected multiple times
afterward to determine a change from baseline.
-The broad range and number of data-collection points helps rule out alternative
explanations, such as history effects.
-Potential threats to Internal validity: Testing--b/c of multiple data-collection points,
maturation and selection--b/c lack of control group
Transvestic fetishismCorrect Answersheterosexual male has recurrent intense sexually
arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors involving cross dressing.
ExhibitionismCorrect Answersexposing of one's genitals to an unsuspecting stranger
