EPPP Research and Statistics (Correct
Answers)
R squared is the:
a. coefficient of multiple determination
b. coefficient of stability
c. coefficient of internal consistency
d. silver character on "Star Wars"Correct Answersa. coefficient of multiple determination
When data points are widely scattered around a regression line, this indicates:
a. low homoscedasticity
b. low correlation coefficient
c. low heteroscedasticity
d. high heteroscedasticityCorrect Answersb. low correlation coefficient
HeteroscedasticityCorrect AnswersThe scatter is uneven (unequal) at different points on
the regression line. For example, there might be high variability around the regression
line at low X (predictor) values and low variability around the line at high X values. It is
different amounts of scatter, but not high scatter
A psychologist in a hospital is conducting research designed to assess the effects of a
new drug on the social behavior of psychotic patients. Which of the following would be
the best way to decrease experimenter bias in this type of study?
a. randomized block design
b. a Solomon four-group design
c. counterbalancing
d. a double-blind studyCorrect Answersd. a double blind study
Which of the following is a measure of "amount of variability accounted for"?
a. Cohen's d
b. F-ratio
c. alpha
d. eta squaredCorrect Answersd. eta squared
AlphaCorrect AnswersLevel of significance set by a researcher prior to analyzing data
Cohen's dCorrect AnswersUsed as an index of effect size, but it is a measure of the
mean difference between two groups.
F-ratioCorrect AnswersStatistic calculated when using the analysis of variance
The eta coefficient would be used to
a. estimate the strength of a nonlinear relationship between two continuous variables
b. estimate the strength of the relationship between two rank-ordered variables
c. estimate the strength of the relationship between two dichotomous variables
d. estimate the strength of the relationship between a dichotomous variable and a
continuous variableCorrect Answersa. estimate the strength of a nonlinear relationship
between two continuous variables.
The most common correlation coefficientCorrect AnswersPearson r
Pearson rCorrect AnswersUsed to measure the relationship between two continuous
variables that are related in a linear way
Note: eta is used when there is a nonlinear relationship
,Phi CoefficientCorrect AnswersCan be used to measure the correlation between two
dichotomous variables (i.e, variables that can take one of two values)
Point-Bisceral CorrelationCorrect AnswersUsed to measure the correlation between a
dichotomous variable and a continuous variable.
Spearmena's rhoCorrect AnswersUsed to measure the correlation between two sets of
ranked data
You have conducted a study to assess the relationship between salary and job
performance, and you find a significant correlation between these two variables. You
assistant tells you that the data fail to take into account a $25.00 cost of living raise that
every empoyee received. You should:
a. assume the correlation will not be affected
b. not be concerned since the added amount is too small to make a significant
difference
c. decide that the raise invalidated the research
d. reanalyze the data after the raises have been added to the current salaries.Correct
Answersa. assume the correlation will not be affected
Note that you are adding a constant to each score in one of both data sets does not
change the relationship
A psychological researcher would like to determine what variables best distinguish
between patients who benefit from psychotherapy and patients who do not. To identify
these variables, the research would most likely use which of the following?
a. canonical correlation
b. factor analysis
c. MANOVA
d. discriminant function analysisCorrect Answersd.
Factor AnalysisCorrect AnswersUsed to reduce variability in a set of variables to a
smaller set of unobserved variables, or factors. For example, factor analysis might be
used to confirm a theory that score differences on a variety of intelligence measures can
be explained in terms of two factors, verbal intelligence and performance intelligence.
Discriminant function analysisCorrect AnswersUsed to identify variables that distinguish
between two or more existing or naturally occurring groups. It would involve collecting
data on a variety fo measures and determining which combination of them best predict
differences between groups.
Canonical CorrelationCorrect AnswersTechnique for assessing the relationship between
two sets of variables: used to assess the relationship between multiple predictor and
multiple criterion variables
MANOVACorrect Answers-Used in research studies to evaluate the effects of one or
more independent variables on multiple (two or more) dependent variables
-a type of ANOVA used when two or more dependent variables are included in the
study
-all of the dependent vairables should be measured on a ratio or interval scale
A researcher inquires about the subjects' performance expectations and beliefs about
the purpose of the study at the conclusion of the experiment. The researcher finds the
subjects actual performance is consistent with their beliefs about expectations when
analyzing data. The results of the study may be confounded by:
a. changing criteria
, b. carryover effects
c. demand characteristics
d. the Hawthorne EffectCorrect Answersc. Demand Characteristics
Demand CharacteristicsCorrect AnswersUnintentional cues in the experimental
environment or manipulation that affect or account for the results of the study. Subjects
may have acted in ways consistent with their expectations rather than simply in
response to the experimental manipulation
Hawthorne EffectCorrect AnswersOccurs when research subjects act differently
because of the novelty of the situation and the special attention they receive as
research participants.
Carryover EffectsCorrect AnswersOccur in repeated measures designs when the
effects of one treatment have an impact on the effects of subsequent treatments.
Which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of repeated measures designs?
a. practice effects
b. carryover effects
c. autocorrelation
d. multicollinearityCorrect Answersd. multicollinearity
Repeated Measures Design AKACorrect Answerswithin-subjects design
Repeated Measures DesignCorrect AnswersAn experiment using a within-groups
design in which participants respond to a dependent variable more than once, after
exposure to each level of the independent variable.
Disadvantages of Repeated Measures DesignCorrect Answers-autocorrelation
-practice effects
-carryover effects
-order effects
AutocorrelationCorrect Answers-Means that observations obtained close together in
time from the same subjects tend to be highly correlated
-When the dependent variable is repeatedly administered to the same subjects, the
correlation between measurements of the dependent variable is referred to as
autocorrelation .
Practice EffectsCorrect AnswersImprovements in performance resulting from
opportunities to perform a behavior repeatedly so that baseline measures can be
obtained.
order effectsCorrect AnswersA problem in research design when the results of the study
are attributed to the sequence of tasks in the experiment rather than to the independent
variable.
MulticollinearityCorrect AnswersA problem associated with multiple regression which
occurs when two or more predictors are highly correlated with each other.
Excessive variability in a behavior over time can make it difficulty to obtain accurate
information about the effects of an intervention on that behavior. Such variability poses
the biggest threat for which of the following research designs?
a. split plot
b. Solomon four-group
c. Factorial
d. single-subjectCorrect Answersd Single Subject
Answers)
R squared is the:
a. coefficient of multiple determination
b. coefficient of stability
c. coefficient of internal consistency
d. silver character on "Star Wars"Correct Answersa. coefficient of multiple determination
When data points are widely scattered around a regression line, this indicates:
a. low homoscedasticity
b. low correlation coefficient
c. low heteroscedasticity
d. high heteroscedasticityCorrect Answersb. low correlation coefficient
HeteroscedasticityCorrect AnswersThe scatter is uneven (unequal) at different points on
the regression line. For example, there might be high variability around the regression
line at low X (predictor) values and low variability around the line at high X values. It is
different amounts of scatter, but not high scatter
A psychologist in a hospital is conducting research designed to assess the effects of a
new drug on the social behavior of psychotic patients. Which of the following would be
the best way to decrease experimenter bias in this type of study?
a. randomized block design
b. a Solomon four-group design
c. counterbalancing
d. a double-blind studyCorrect Answersd. a double blind study
Which of the following is a measure of "amount of variability accounted for"?
a. Cohen's d
b. F-ratio
c. alpha
d. eta squaredCorrect Answersd. eta squared
AlphaCorrect AnswersLevel of significance set by a researcher prior to analyzing data
Cohen's dCorrect AnswersUsed as an index of effect size, but it is a measure of the
mean difference between two groups.
F-ratioCorrect AnswersStatistic calculated when using the analysis of variance
The eta coefficient would be used to
a. estimate the strength of a nonlinear relationship between two continuous variables
b. estimate the strength of the relationship between two rank-ordered variables
c. estimate the strength of the relationship between two dichotomous variables
d. estimate the strength of the relationship between a dichotomous variable and a
continuous variableCorrect Answersa. estimate the strength of a nonlinear relationship
between two continuous variables.
The most common correlation coefficientCorrect AnswersPearson r
Pearson rCorrect AnswersUsed to measure the relationship between two continuous
variables that are related in a linear way
Note: eta is used when there is a nonlinear relationship
,Phi CoefficientCorrect AnswersCan be used to measure the correlation between two
dichotomous variables (i.e, variables that can take one of two values)
Point-Bisceral CorrelationCorrect AnswersUsed to measure the correlation between a
dichotomous variable and a continuous variable.
Spearmena's rhoCorrect AnswersUsed to measure the correlation between two sets of
ranked data
You have conducted a study to assess the relationship between salary and job
performance, and you find a significant correlation between these two variables. You
assistant tells you that the data fail to take into account a $25.00 cost of living raise that
every empoyee received. You should:
a. assume the correlation will not be affected
b. not be concerned since the added amount is too small to make a significant
difference
c. decide that the raise invalidated the research
d. reanalyze the data after the raises have been added to the current salaries.Correct
Answersa. assume the correlation will not be affected
Note that you are adding a constant to each score in one of both data sets does not
change the relationship
A psychological researcher would like to determine what variables best distinguish
between patients who benefit from psychotherapy and patients who do not. To identify
these variables, the research would most likely use which of the following?
a. canonical correlation
b. factor analysis
c. MANOVA
d. discriminant function analysisCorrect Answersd.
Factor AnalysisCorrect AnswersUsed to reduce variability in a set of variables to a
smaller set of unobserved variables, or factors. For example, factor analysis might be
used to confirm a theory that score differences on a variety of intelligence measures can
be explained in terms of two factors, verbal intelligence and performance intelligence.
Discriminant function analysisCorrect AnswersUsed to identify variables that distinguish
between two or more existing or naturally occurring groups. It would involve collecting
data on a variety fo measures and determining which combination of them best predict
differences between groups.
Canonical CorrelationCorrect AnswersTechnique for assessing the relationship between
two sets of variables: used to assess the relationship between multiple predictor and
multiple criterion variables
MANOVACorrect Answers-Used in research studies to evaluate the effects of one or
more independent variables on multiple (two or more) dependent variables
-a type of ANOVA used when two or more dependent variables are included in the
study
-all of the dependent vairables should be measured on a ratio or interval scale
A researcher inquires about the subjects' performance expectations and beliefs about
the purpose of the study at the conclusion of the experiment. The researcher finds the
subjects actual performance is consistent with their beliefs about expectations when
analyzing data. The results of the study may be confounded by:
a. changing criteria
, b. carryover effects
c. demand characteristics
d. the Hawthorne EffectCorrect Answersc. Demand Characteristics
Demand CharacteristicsCorrect AnswersUnintentional cues in the experimental
environment or manipulation that affect or account for the results of the study. Subjects
may have acted in ways consistent with their expectations rather than simply in
response to the experimental manipulation
Hawthorne EffectCorrect AnswersOccurs when research subjects act differently
because of the novelty of the situation and the special attention they receive as
research participants.
Carryover EffectsCorrect AnswersOccur in repeated measures designs when the
effects of one treatment have an impact on the effects of subsequent treatments.
Which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of repeated measures designs?
a. practice effects
b. carryover effects
c. autocorrelation
d. multicollinearityCorrect Answersd. multicollinearity
Repeated Measures Design AKACorrect Answerswithin-subjects design
Repeated Measures DesignCorrect AnswersAn experiment using a within-groups
design in which participants respond to a dependent variable more than once, after
exposure to each level of the independent variable.
Disadvantages of Repeated Measures DesignCorrect Answers-autocorrelation
-practice effects
-carryover effects
-order effects
AutocorrelationCorrect Answers-Means that observations obtained close together in
time from the same subjects tend to be highly correlated
-When the dependent variable is repeatedly administered to the same subjects, the
correlation between measurements of the dependent variable is referred to as
autocorrelation .
Practice EffectsCorrect AnswersImprovements in performance resulting from
opportunities to perform a behavior repeatedly so that baseline measures can be
obtained.
order effectsCorrect AnswersA problem in research design when the results of the study
are attributed to the sequence of tasks in the experiment rather than to the independent
variable.
MulticollinearityCorrect AnswersA problem associated with multiple regression which
occurs when two or more predictors are highly correlated with each other.
Excessive variability in a behavior over time can make it difficulty to obtain accurate
information about the effects of an intervention on that behavior. Such variability poses
the biggest threat for which of the following research designs?
a. split plot
b. Solomon four-group
c. Factorial
d. single-subjectCorrect Answersd Single Subject
