Blood
Volume
4.5 – 6 liters.
Origin
embryonic mesenchyme which di7eren8ates into hematopoie8c.
Staining
Wright-Geimsa: example for special mixture contain red (acidic), blue (basic) and azures
(staining of speciCc granules in par8cular of neutrophils) dyes.
Pappenheim: method for di7eren8a8ng Mycobacterium tuberculosis from non-
pathogene8c.
Func:on
Transport of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients and hormones.
Maintain acid-base balance.
Removal of waste products of cell metabolism.
Temperature control of the body.
Defense against infec8on (immune func8on).
Composi:on
Plasma:
DeCni8on - yellowish Juid in which blood elements are suspended.
Structure – 90% water, 3% inorganic salts, 7% proteins (albumins, globulins, Cbrinogen).
Serum – all the structures of the plasma which are not taking place in coagula8on (all
except Cbrinogen).
Cells:
Erythrocytes –
Amount per liter:
o Male - 4.5-5.0x1012
o Female - 3.9-4.7x1012
Structure:
o Biconcave disc-shape.
o Very large surface area ideal for gas exchange.
o SoV and elas8c can adjust its shape to go through small capillaries.
o Without nucleus and organelles, only hemoglobin in the cytoplasm.
Func4on:
o Transport oxygen from lungs to the 8ssues, and carbon dioxide from the 8ssues to the
lungs (oxyhemoglobin & karbaminohemoglobin).
Clinical aspect:
o Polycythemia – signi<cant increase in the number of red blood cells (occurs in persons
living at high al8tudes, where oxygen concentra8on is low).
, o Anemia – decrease in the number of red blood cells.
Hemorrhagic anemia – it is due to loss of blood (hemorrhage).
Aplas8c anemia – due to damage to the red bone marrow.
Pernicious anemia – failure of absorp8on of vitamin B12 (is essen8al for
hematopoiesis).
Hemoly8c anemia –abnormal shape of Erythrocyte, they are very fragile, their lifespan
is short.
Leukocyte:
Amount per liter: 4-9x109
General structure: colorless due to absence of Hemoglobin.
General func4on: protect the body in a number of ways against infec8ous organisms
(preform it aVer they entered loose connec8ve 8ssue).
Types:
*Neutrophils*
o Percentage (from leukocyte): 47%-72%.
o Structure:
Nucleus – mul8lobulated to 2-5 segments connected by chroma8n.
Cytoplasm – contain neutral granules (seem pale in the microscope).
o Func4on:
First line of defense against invading microorganisms (especially bacteria) which being
phagocytosed.
Volume
4.5 – 6 liters.
Origin
embryonic mesenchyme which di7eren8ates into hematopoie8c.
Staining
Wright-Geimsa: example for special mixture contain red (acidic), blue (basic) and azures
(staining of speciCc granules in par8cular of neutrophils) dyes.
Pappenheim: method for di7eren8a8ng Mycobacterium tuberculosis from non-
pathogene8c.
Func:on
Transport of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients and hormones.
Maintain acid-base balance.
Removal of waste products of cell metabolism.
Temperature control of the body.
Defense against infec8on (immune func8on).
Composi:on
Plasma:
DeCni8on - yellowish Juid in which blood elements are suspended.
Structure – 90% water, 3% inorganic salts, 7% proteins (albumins, globulins, Cbrinogen).
Serum – all the structures of the plasma which are not taking place in coagula8on (all
except Cbrinogen).
Cells:
Erythrocytes –
Amount per liter:
o Male - 4.5-5.0x1012
o Female - 3.9-4.7x1012
Structure:
o Biconcave disc-shape.
o Very large surface area ideal for gas exchange.
o SoV and elas8c can adjust its shape to go through small capillaries.
o Without nucleus and organelles, only hemoglobin in the cytoplasm.
Func4on:
o Transport oxygen from lungs to the 8ssues, and carbon dioxide from the 8ssues to the
lungs (oxyhemoglobin & karbaminohemoglobin).
Clinical aspect:
o Polycythemia – signi<cant increase in the number of red blood cells (occurs in persons
living at high al8tudes, where oxygen concentra8on is low).
, o Anemia – decrease in the number of red blood cells.
Hemorrhagic anemia – it is due to loss of blood (hemorrhage).
Aplas8c anemia – due to damage to the red bone marrow.
Pernicious anemia – failure of absorp8on of vitamin B12 (is essen8al for
hematopoiesis).
Hemoly8c anemia –abnormal shape of Erythrocyte, they are very fragile, their lifespan
is short.
Leukocyte:
Amount per liter: 4-9x109
General structure: colorless due to absence of Hemoglobin.
General func4on: protect the body in a number of ways against infec8ous organisms
(preform it aVer they entered loose connec8ve 8ssue).
Types:
*Neutrophils*
o Percentage (from leukocyte): 47%-72%.
o Structure:
Nucleus – mul8lobulated to 2-5 segments connected by chroma8n.
Cytoplasm – contain neutral granules (seem pale in the microscope).
o Func4on:
First line of defense against invading microorganisms (especially bacteria) which being
phagocytosed.
