⚛️
Physics for C.S, Made by: Haneen Met
Reviewed
Created @October 2, 2023 7:14 PM
Class Physics
Type Lecture
Materials file:///C:/Users/Haneen/Downloads/Telegram%20Desktop/FCI_Gen_one_physics_W
Chapter 1:
Electricity & energy foundation:
Definition of electricity: A physical phenomenon associated with
the motion and flow of electric charges (-ve electrons & +ve holes)
inside wires.
Electric charges are the fundamental physical property of matter.
Atoms are the fundamental building blocks of matter which
, Conductors Insulators
Electrons are held freely and allowed movement from Electrons are held tightly and
Cause:
one energy level to another due to low resistivity. from energy level to another du
Examples: Metals like copper, iron and aluminum. Plastic, cloth, and glass.
Importance: Used to carry electric current through wires. Used for coating electric wires.
Electrical quantities:
An electric circuit is a type of network that has a closed loop, which provides a return path for the c
▪ The voltage: the amount of work required to move one coulomb charge from one point to another
The potential difference between two points. 𝑣 (average) = ∆𝑤/∆𝑞 = (w2 - w1) / (q2 - q1)
𝑣 (at a certain point) = w / q
𝑣ab (over a period) = dw / dq
▪ The current: the movement of electric charge through a conductive medium during a period of tim
𝑖(average)= ∆𝑞/∆𝑡 = (q2 - q1) / (t2 - t1).
i (at a certain point) = q / t
iab (over a certain period) = dq / dt
▪ The resistance: it resists/control/restrict/regulate the flow of electrons and hence electric current i
📌 All electric circuits are networks but not all networks are closed electric circuits.
The element’s ability to conduct charge is called conductivity where the unit for conductance is
is for a certain component.
Active and passive components of the electric circuit:
Electronic components usually have two or more terminals, which
can be fitted into the Printed Circuit Board (PCB) to form a working
electric circuit.
Active Passive
produce energy in the form
of voltage or current. They
require an external source
do not generate energy but
for their operation. They
Definition: can store it (absorb) or
have an analog electronic
dissipate it.
filter with the ability to
amplify a signal or
produce a power gain.
Resistors, inductors,
,DIODE:
It is an active electric component which is made by joining two semiconductors: N-type and
There are various types of diodes such as avalanche diode, crystal diode, light emitting diode (L
diode, and Zener diode.
Diode passes current only in one direction, therefore it is also known as unidirectional.
The P-side is called anode, and the N-side is called cathode.
Can be either connected in the electric circuit in two ways:
1. Forward biased (closed switch)
When the anode and cathode of a P-N junction diode are connected to external voltage source
battery is connected to the anode and
negative end of the battery is connected to the cathode. (positive connected to positive/ negativ
attracted in PN junction, reducing the size of depletion region)
2. Backward biased/Reverse biased (open switch):
When the P-side of the diode is connected to the negative terminal of the battery and N-side of
positive terminal of the battery.
(Positive connected to negative/negative connected to positive so they are attracted to the batte
wider.)
, The word transistor is produced from joining transfer + resistor as it could
do both jobs depending on the way of connection.
It is an active semiconductor device that has two P-N junctions which
amplify electric current and voltage.
There are two types: PnP (electrons بياخدnegative ion )سهم لجوا انهand
nPn (electrons بيديpositive ion )سهم لبرا في النص.
It is a three-layer semiconducting device (BJT / bipolar junction
transistor): emitter, base, and collector.
In (FET / field effect transistor): source, drain and gate.
The base is considered the control unit for the amplifying of the signal
or used as a switch.
RESISTOR:
It opposes movement of electrons, or it controls the amount of current
flow in the circuit.
Resistance is measured in ohms (Ω).
The color ba
Color bands on a resistor are used to represent the resistance values. values:
In all resisto
numerical v
1. in a 3-band
2. in a 4-band
is tolerance
3. in 5 and 6-b
5th is tolera
coefficient.
CAPACITOR:
, It is a two terminal electrical component which resists changes in electric current.
It is a wire made of copper or a metal wound around plastic or ferromagnetic material in the form
of a coil.
When current flows through the coil, a magnetic field is set which restricts the flow of electric
charges.
Once the field is created, then current passes normally through it thus resisting any change in
the flow of current.
Inductance is treated the same way as resistance in resistors, added in series and their
times over their sum in parallel.
INTEGRATED CIRCUIT (IC):
Digital ICs are used in computers and computer networks.
An IC is a combination of electronic components on a single piece (or ‘chip’) of
semiconductor material.
It has a large number of tiny transistors on a small chip and results in circuits that are
smaller, cheaper, and faster.
SEMICONDUCTOR MEMORY:
This storage can be temporary or permanent, as required by a
computer and/or its user.
There are two types of memory:
▪ Primary: includes random access memory (RAM), read-only
memory (ROM)
▪ Secondary: includes hard disk drive, CD/DVD, etc.
POWER SUPPLY:
It is an electrical device which provides operating voltage to the computer.
The electronic components inside the computer require very low DC voltage.
The various types of power supply used in computing are DC power supply, AC power supply, l
batteries, uninterrupted power supply (UPS), and switched mode power supply (SMPS).
UPS: is an electronic device which supplies power to a load when the mains supply or
input power source fails.
, A motherboard is a printed circuit board (PCB) that serves as the primary
circuit board in a computer or digital device, it electrically connects all
components of a computer, including the CPU, memory, storage devices
and input / output devices.
Internally, all the components are connected, which reduces the complexity
of the circuit.
The motherboard is a PCB which is responsible for interconnecting various
hardware components such as the CPU, RAM and other vital components.
Not all PCBs are motherboards.
SOLDERING/DESOLDERING:
Soldering: is the process of melting a metal onto other metal components in order
to bind them.
A softer metal with a lower melting point is used to connect components.
Because soldering does not melt components, it is useful for delicate applications,
such as electronics works.
Solder can be thought of as a sort of “metal glue/ softer metal”.
It can be used to fill in gaps or hold pieces in place but does not serve any more
complicated purpose.
Since solder is metallic, it conducts electricity, which is another reason for it being
widely used for connecting electronic components.
Desoldering: is the process of removing the solder and components from PCB for
troubleshooting, repair, or replacement.
Soldering is not welding as welding is the process of melting.
In soldering, components are connected in a way that reduces their complexity in
the circuit.
Chapter 2:
SYSTEMS OF UNITS (SI)/prefixes: (International system of units)
exa 10*18 E deci 10*-1 d
peta 10*15 P centi 10*-2 c
tera 10*12 T milli 10*-3 m
giga 10*9 G micro 10*-6 𝜇
Physics for C.S, Made by: Haneen Met
Reviewed
Created @October 2, 2023 7:14 PM
Class Physics
Type Lecture
Materials file:///C:/Users/Haneen/Downloads/Telegram%20Desktop/FCI_Gen_one_physics_W
Chapter 1:
Electricity & energy foundation:
Definition of electricity: A physical phenomenon associated with
the motion and flow of electric charges (-ve electrons & +ve holes)
inside wires.
Electric charges are the fundamental physical property of matter.
Atoms are the fundamental building blocks of matter which
, Conductors Insulators
Electrons are held freely and allowed movement from Electrons are held tightly and
Cause:
one energy level to another due to low resistivity. from energy level to another du
Examples: Metals like copper, iron and aluminum. Plastic, cloth, and glass.
Importance: Used to carry electric current through wires. Used for coating electric wires.
Electrical quantities:
An electric circuit is a type of network that has a closed loop, which provides a return path for the c
▪ The voltage: the amount of work required to move one coulomb charge from one point to another
The potential difference between two points. 𝑣 (average) = ∆𝑤/∆𝑞 = (w2 - w1) / (q2 - q1)
𝑣 (at a certain point) = w / q
𝑣ab (over a period) = dw / dq
▪ The current: the movement of electric charge through a conductive medium during a period of tim
𝑖(average)= ∆𝑞/∆𝑡 = (q2 - q1) / (t2 - t1).
i (at a certain point) = q / t
iab (over a certain period) = dq / dt
▪ The resistance: it resists/control/restrict/regulate the flow of electrons and hence electric current i
📌 All electric circuits are networks but not all networks are closed electric circuits.
The element’s ability to conduct charge is called conductivity where the unit for conductance is
is for a certain component.
Active and passive components of the electric circuit:
Electronic components usually have two or more terminals, which
can be fitted into the Printed Circuit Board (PCB) to form a working
electric circuit.
Active Passive
produce energy in the form
of voltage or current. They
require an external source
do not generate energy but
for their operation. They
Definition: can store it (absorb) or
have an analog electronic
dissipate it.
filter with the ability to
amplify a signal or
produce a power gain.
Resistors, inductors,
,DIODE:
It is an active electric component which is made by joining two semiconductors: N-type and
There are various types of diodes such as avalanche diode, crystal diode, light emitting diode (L
diode, and Zener diode.
Diode passes current only in one direction, therefore it is also known as unidirectional.
The P-side is called anode, and the N-side is called cathode.
Can be either connected in the electric circuit in two ways:
1. Forward biased (closed switch)
When the anode and cathode of a P-N junction diode are connected to external voltage source
battery is connected to the anode and
negative end of the battery is connected to the cathode. (positive connected to positive/ negativ
attracted in PN junction, reducing the size of depletion region)
2. Backward biased/Reverse biased (open switch):
When the P-side of the diode is connected to the negative terminal of the battery and N-side of
positive terminal of the battery.
(Positive connected to negative/negative connected to positive so they are attracted to the batte
wider.)
, The word transistor is produced from joining transfer + resistor as it could
do both jobs depending on the way of connection.
It is an active semiconductor device that has two P-N junctions which
amplify electric current and voltage.
There are two types: PnP (electrons بياخدnegative ion )سهم لجوا انهand
nPn (electrons بيديpositive ion )سهم لبرا في النص.
It is a three-layer semiconducting device (BJT / bipolar junction
transistor): emitter, base, and collector.
In (FET / field effect transistor): source, drain and gate.
The base is considered the control unit for the amplifying of the signal
or used as a switch.
RESISTOR:
It opposes movement of electrons, or it controls the amount of current
flow in the circuit.
Resistance is measured in ohms (Ω).
The color ba
Color bands on a resistor are used to represent the resistance values. values:
In all resisto
numerical v
1. in a 3-band
2. in a 4-band
is tolerance
3. in 5 and 6-b
5th is tolera
coefficient.
CAPACITOR:
, It is a two terminal electrical component which resists changes in electric current.
It is a wire made of copper or a metal wound around plastic or ferromagnetic material in the form
of a coil.
When current flows through the coil, a magnetic field is set which restricts the flow of electric
charges.
Once the field is created, then current passes normally through it thus resisting any change in
the flow of current.
Inductance is treated the same way as resistance in resistors, added in series and their
times over their sum in parallel.
INTEGRATED CIRCUIT (IC):
Digital ICs are used in computers and computer networks.
An IC is a combination of electronic components on a single piece (or ‘chip’) of
semiconductor material.
It has a large number of tiny transistors on a small chip and results in circuits that are
smaller, cheaper, and faster.
SEMICONDUCTOR MEMORY:
This storage can be temporary or permanent, as required by a
computer and/or its user.
There are two types of memory:
▪ Primary: includes random access memory (RAM), read-only
memory (ROM)
▪ Secondary: includes hard disk drive, CD/DVD, etc.
POWER SUPPLY:
It is an electrical device which provides operating voltage to the computer.
The electronic components inside the computer require very low DC voltage.
The various types of power supply used in computing are DC power supply, AC power supply, l
batteries, uninterrupted power supply (UPS), and switched mode power supply (SMPS).
UPS: is an electronic device which supplies power to a load when the mains supply or
input power source fails.
, A motherboard is a printed circuit board (PCB) that serves as the primary
circuit board in a computer or digital device, it electrically connects all
components of a computer, including the CPU, memory, storage devices
and input / output devices.
Internally, all the components are connected, which reduces the complexity
of the circuit.
The motherboard is a PCB which is responsible for interconnecting various
hardware components such as the CPU, RAM and other vital components.
Not all PCBs are motherboards.
SOLDERING/DESOLDERING:
Soldering: is the process of melting a metal onto other metal components in order
to bind them.
A softer metal with a lower melting point is used to connect components.
Because soldering does not melt components, it is useful for delicate applications,
such as electronics works.
Solder can be thought of as a sort of “metal glue/ softer metal”.
It can be used to fill in gaps or hold pieces in place but does not serve any more
complicated purpose.
Since solder is metallic, it conducts electricity, which is another reason for it being
widely used for connecting electronic components.
Desoldering: is the process of removing the solder and components from PCB for
troubleshooting, repair, or replacement.
Soldering is not welding as welding is the process of melting.
In soldering, components are connected in a way that reduces their complexity in
the circuit.
Chapter 2:
SYSTEMS OF UNITS (SI)/prefixes: (International system of units)
exa 10*18 E deci 10*-1 d
peta 10*15 P centi 10*-2 c
tera 10*12 T milli 10*-3 m
giga 10*9 G micro 10*-6 𝜇
