- This means that Long-Term Orientation and Embeddedness make the relationship stronger,
and Affective Autonomy makes the relationship weaker. These factors are moderators of the
relationship between reappraisal and suppression.
Hypothesis 4: Country differences on (a) Reappraisal should be positively correlated with positive
adjustment and negatively correlated with maladjustment indices, whereas (b) Suppression should
be negatively correlated with positive adjustment and positively correlated with maladjustment.
- As predicted, Suppression was negatively correlated with 9 of the 10 happiness variables,
indicating that countries with higher mean Suppression had significantly lower means on
citizen happiness. Reappraisal was not associated with happiness.
The findings provided evidence in support of the theoretical model, in which we posited that one of
the functions of culture is to create and maintain social order by creating value systems that facilitate
norms for regulating emotions.
THEME 3: PART 1
Learning goals
- How do different cultures classify certain phenomena as normal and abnormal?
- How different disorders manifest themselves in different cultures? Is there a way to
categorize this universally?
- Can the DSM be universal and are their other ways to do it?
- Are there differences within cultures regarding the 3 disorders? What are they?
CULTURE BOUND SYNDROMES
Culture bound syndrome = a syndrome that is greatly influenced by cultural factors, in the sense that
in other cultures the symptoms that characterize them are largely absent
Examples of culture bound syndromes
, Eating disorders
Bulimia is a culture-bound syndrome. The symptoms of anorexia are universal, however, the self-
starvation supports different goals (avoiding becoming oven,veight vs. being spiritually ascetic).
Koro
Fear of penis shrinking into body prevalent in South and East Asia, particularly in southern China.
Amok
an acute outburst of unrestrained violence, associated with (indiscriminate) homicidal attacks,
preceded by a period of brooding and ending with exhaustion and amnesia prevalent in in a
number of Southeast Asian cultures. Running amok primarily occurs among males and is thought to
be instigated by stress, a lack of sleep, and alcohol consumption.
Hikikomori
Japanese culture early 20 year olds lock themselves in room
- Explanation - v strict role expectations > causing young men to lock up
- Parental behaviors - japanese parents have a less direct approach > allow them to stay in
room
Examples of universal syndromes
Depression
Syndrome is universal manifestations non-universal
- Somatization (experiencing symptoms primarily in their bodies) - asian cultures
- Psychologization (people are experiencing symptoms primarily in their minds) - western
cultures
Social anxiety
Universal, but more prevalent in Asia
- More prevalent in collectivistic cultures more pressure on relations
o Score higher on anxiety than westerners
o But lower rates of them meeting clinical criteria, because symptoms are seen as
more “normal” in Asian cultures, and later seen as an actual problem
- Saving face is important
Suicide
Universal, but rates dependent on culture.
- Micronesia > highest rates
- Japan > unique motive - preserving honour - sebuku
and Affective Autonomy makes the relationship weaker. These factors are moderators of the
relationship between reappraisal and suppression.
Hypothesis 4: Country differences on (a) Reappraisal should be positively correlated with positive
adjustment and negatively correlated with maladjustment indices, whereas (b) Suppression should
be negatively correlated with positive adjustment and positively correlated with maladjustment.
- As predicted, Suppression was negatively correlated with 9 of the 10 happiness variables,
indicating that countries with higher mean Suppression had significantly lower means on
citizen happiness. Reappraisal was not associated with happiness.
The findings provided evidence in support of the theoretical model, in which we posited that one of
the functions of culture is to create and maintain social order by creating value systems that facilitate
norms for regulating emotions.
THEME 3: PART 1
Learning goals
- How do different cultures classify certain phenomena as normal and abnormal?
- How different disorders manifest themselves in different cultures? Is there a way to
categorize this universally?
- Can the DSM be universal and are their other ways to do it?
- Are there differences within cultures regarding the 3 disorders? What are they?
CULTURE BOUND SYNDROMES
Culture bound syndrome = a syndrome that is greatly influenced by cultural factors, in the sense that
in other cultures the symptoms that characterize them are largely absent
Examples of culture bound syndromes
, Eating disorders
Bulimia is a culture-bound syndrome. The symptoms of anorexia are universal, however, the self-
starvation supports different goals (avoiding becoming oven,veight vs. being spiritually ascetic).
Koro
Fear of penis shrinking into body prevalent in South and East Asia, particularly in southern China.
Amok
an acute outburst of unrestrained violence, associated with (indiscriminate) homicidal attacks,
preceded by a period of brooding and ending with exhaustion and amnesia prevalent in in a
number of Southeast Asian cultures. Running amok primarily occurs among males and is thought to
be instigated by stress, a lack of sleep, and alcohol consumption.
Hikikomori
Japanese culture early 20 year olds lock themselves in room
- Explanation - v strict role expectations > causing young men to lock up
- Parental behaviors - japanese parents have a less direct approach > allow them to stay in
room
Examples of universal syndromes
Depression
Syndrome is universal manifestations non-universal
- Somatization (experiencing symptoms primarily in their bodies) - asian cultures
- Psychologization (people are experiencing symptoms primarily in their minds) - western
cultures
Social anxiety
Universal, but more prevalent in Asia
- More prevalent in collectivistic cultures more pressure on relations
o Score higher on anxiety than westerners
o But lower rates of them meeting clinical criteria, because symptoms are seen as
more “normal” in Asian cultures, and later seen as an actual problem
- Saving face is important
Suicide
Universal, but rates dependent on culture.
- Micronesia > highest rates
- Japan > unique motive - preserving honour - sebuku
