PHI2600 Ethics - Final Exam 2023 - Broward College
Most philosophers believe that intentions are important when judging the
morality of an action, but for utilitarians the sole criterion is the action's
consequences.
True
Which of the following expressions would you be most likely to hear utilitarians
using to justify their actions?
"The ends justify the means."
Which of the following factors should be taken into consideration when
performing Bentham's utilitarian calculus?
The intensity of pleasure.
In the early 1960s during times of revolution, rape, rampage, and chaos in certain
areas of the world, the Roman Catholic Church hierarchy supplied its nuns with
birth control pills. The reasoning was that, although the church opposed use of
the Pill, the risk of rape and resultant pregnancy was so great as to override
religious objections to the Pill. This justification illustrates what sort of ethical
system?
Utilitarian
Regarding the confinement raising of chickens for food, Jeremy Bentham would
most likely argue that it is
Not morally acceptable because chickens experience pain.
According to utilitarianism individual happiness is the highest moral good.
People achieve happiness by pursuing their rational self-interests. Therefore,
people ought to pursue their rational self-interests.
False
Which of the following did Mill regard as our most important moral duty/right?
Nonmaleficence
Suppose that an anti-abortionist assassinates an abortionist, claiming that, "The
end justifies the means: It is better to kill one human now, than to allow that
person to kill many humans (perform abortions) in the future." This assassin's
reasoning adheres to which ethical system.
Utilitarian
To a rule-utilitarian, we should in any particular situation, follow the rule that in
general brings about the greatest happiness for the greatest number.
True
Utilitarians would support voluntary euthanasia, especially when the pain in a
person's life outweighs the pleasure that he or she derives from living.
True
According to which ethical system does the rightness or wrongness of an act
depend on the act itself and not on its consequences?
Deontological system
Deontologist S. Bok suggests that, although lying is generally wrong, there may
be isolated cases where the duty to lie conflicts with the more important duty to
protect innocent human life. In these cases, lying may be morally justified. This
view will lead to the notion of:
,Prima facie duties.
The development of proper self-esteem (the duty of self-improvement) in
deontology requires that we:
Cultivate the good will.
Which of the following, according to Kant, is a characteristic of moral maxims
and duties?
They are universally binding.
According to prima facie deontologists, a moral duty is binding unless it:
Conflicts with a more compelling moral duty.
Dr. Jack Kevorkian has assisted numerous people in committing suicide, each of
whom felt that his or her life was no longer worth living because of disease,
disability, or terminal illness. Which of the following people would be most likely
to disapprove of Dr. Kevorkian's actions?
Immanuel Kant
The categorical imperative requires us to:
Always treat persons as ends-in-themselves.
Identify the philosopher who said: "so act as to treat humanity, whether in your
own person or in that of any other, in every case as an end in itself, never as a
means only."
Immanuel Kant.
"Act only on that maxim through which you can at the same time will that it
should become a universal law," is an ethical principle advocated by:
Kant's deontologism.
In Canada, freedom of speech is more limited than in the United States. For
example, hate speech is considered immoral and, as such, is illegal in Canada.
According to Canadians, freedom of speech is a(n):
Prima facie right.
Which of the following groups would Ayn Rand most likely applaud as advocates
of human rights:
The Buddhists.
In Buddhism, rights:
Belong to all living beings.
Which of the following people would be most likely to support legislation
requiring multinational logging and mining corporations in the Amazon to
reimburse or return lands to the indigenous people?
Gustavo Gutierrez
According to Marxists, rights exist because of our:
Human nature
A cultural relativist most likely would base a claim of rights on:
Absolute duties.
The "Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions of the first Woman's Rights
Convention" stated that women ought to have the legal right to:
Vote in elections.
According to natural rights ethicists, such as John Locke and Ayn Rand, rights
stem from:
Human nature.
, "Traditional natural rights ethics supports a model of rights based on self-
assertion. In this model, the only beings who have rights are those who can make
and defend moral claims." The previous statement is:
True
Identify the person who said the following: "The state of nature has a law of
nature to govern it, which obliges everyone; and reason, which is that law,
teaches all mankind who will but consult it, that, being all equal and independent,
no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty or possessions."
John Locke.
According to Aristotle, the natural and proper function of the virtuous person is:
To reason well.
Virtue ethicists are concerned primarily with:
The improvement of their character.
Which of the following is the best example of someone following the Doctrine of
the Mean?
Joanna who is self-confident and proud of her accomplishments without being vain.
What, according to Friedrich Nietzsche, is the source of all virtue?
The will to power.
What quality or virtue does David Hume regard as the most important?
Sympathy
According to the Doctrine of the Mean, as put forth by Confucius and Aristotle:
Virtue in most cases entails seeking the mean between deficit and excess.
Which of the following people best exemplifies Nietzsche's übermensch?
A woman who stands up to her abusive husband and tells him she's leaving him.
"Virtue is important for achieving not only moral well-being but also happiness
and inner harmony. Aristotle referred to this sense of psychological well-being as
cognitive contemplation." The previous statement is:
False
Which of the following people place the least emphasis on intention in
determining whether something is a virtuous act?
Utilitarians
David Thoreau wrote, "The morally excellent, then, are constantly striving to
discover and pursue the right. This is their whole duty, for, in the inquiry about
what is right, reason alone can decide, and her [reason's] dictates are even
identical with the dictates of duty." Which of the following philosophers is most
likely to agree with Thoreau?
Aristotle
Some may think this type of Applied Ethics is an oxymoron
Business Ethics
Friedrich Nietzsche argued that the superhuman creates his or her morality
distinct from and in reaction to the slave-like value system of the masses.
True
This division of Ethics "addresses the moral permissibility of specific actions and
practices".
Applied Ethics
Most philosophers believe that intentions are important when judging the
morality of an action, but for utilitarians the sole criterion is the action's
consequences.
True
Which of the following expressions would you be most likely to hear utilitarians
using to justify their actions?
"The ends justify the means."
Which of the following factors should be taken into consideration when
performing Bentham's utilitarian calculus?
The intensity of pleasure.
In the early 1960s during times of revolution, rape, rampage, and chaos in certain
areas of the world, the Roman Catholic Church hierarchy supplied its nuns with
birth control pills. The reasoning was that, although the church opposed use of
the Pill, the risk of rape and resultant pregnancy was so great as to override
religious objections to the Pill. This justification illustrates what sort of ethical
system?
Utilitarian
Regarding the confinement raising of chickens for food, Jeremy Bentham would
most likely argue that it is
Not morally acceptable because chickens experience pain.
According to utilitarianism individual happiness is the highest moral good.
People achieve happiness by pursuing their rational self-interests. Therefore,
people ought to pursue their rational self-interests.
False
Which of the following did Mill regard as our most important moral duty/right?
Nonmaleficence
Suppose that an anti-abortionist assassinates an abortionist, claiming that, "The
end justifies the means: It is better to kill one human now, than to allow that
person to kill many humans (perform abortions) in the future." This assassin's
reasoning adheres to which ethical system.
Utilitarian
To a rule-utilitarian, we should in any particular situation, follow the rule that in
general brings about the greatest happiness for the greatest number.
True
Utilitarians would support voluntary euthanasia, especially when the pain in a
person's life outweighs the pleasure that he or she derives from living.
True
According to which ethical system does the rightness or wrongness of an act
depend on the act itself and not on its consequences?
Deontological system
Deontologist S. Bok suggests that, although lying is generally wrong, there may
be isolated cases where the duty to lie conflicts with the more important duty to
protect innocent human life. In these cases, lying may be morally justified. This
view will lead to the notion of:
,Prima facie duties.
The development of proper self-esteem (the duty of self-improvement) in
deontology requires that we:
Cultivate the good will.
Which of the following, according to Kant, is a characteristic of moral maxims
and duties?
They are universally binding.
According to prima facie deontologists, a moral duty is binding unless it:
Conflicts with a more compelling moral duty.
Dr. Jack Kevorkian has assisted numerous people in committing suicide, each of
whom felt that his or her life was no longer worth living because of disease,
disability, or terminal illness. Which of the following people would be most likely
to disapprove of Dr. Kevorkian's actions?
Immanuel Kant
The categorical imperative requires us to:
Always treat persons as ends-in-themselves.
Identify the philosopher who said: "so act as to treat humanity, whether in your
own person or in that of any other, in every case as an end in itself, never as a
means only."
Immanuel Kant.
"Act only on that maxim through which you can at the same time will that it
should become a universal law," is an ethical principle advocated by:
Kant's deontologism.
In Canada, freedom of speech is more limited than in the United States. For
example, hate speech is considered immoral and, as such, is illegal in Canada.
According to Canadians, freedom of speech is a(n):
Prima facie right.
Which of the following groups would Ayn Rand most likely applaud as advocates
of human rights:
The Buddhists.
In Buddhism, rights:
Belong to all living beings.
Which of the following people would be most likely to support legislation
requiring multinational logging and mining corporations in the Amazon to
reimburse or return lands to the indigenous people?
Gustavo Gutierrez
According to Marxists, rights exist because of our:
Human nature
A cultural relativist most likely would base a claim of rights on:
Absolute duties.
The "Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions of the first Woman's Rights
Convention" stated that women ought to have the legal right to:
Vote in elections.
According to natural rights ethicists, such as John Locke and Ayn Rand, rights
stem from:
Human nature.
, "Traditional natural rights ethics supports a model of rights based on self-
assertion. In this model, the only beings who have rights are those who can make
and defend moral claims." The previous statement is:
True
Identify the person who said the following: "The state of nature has a law of
nature to govern it, which obliges everyone; and reason, which is that law,
teaches all mankind who will but consult it, that, being all equal and independent,
no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty or possessions."
John Locke.
According to Aristotle, the natural and proper function of the virtuous person is:
To reason well.
Virtue ethicists are concerned primarily with:
The improvement of their character.
Which of the following is the best example of someone following the Doctrine of
the Mean?
Joanna who is self-confident and proud of her accomplishments without being vain.
What, according to Friedrich Nietzsche, is the source of all virtue?
The will to power.
What quality or virtue does David Hume regard as the most important?
Sympathy
According to the Doctrine of the Mean, as put forth by Confucius and Aristotle:
Virtue in most cases entails seeking the mean between deficit and excess.
Which of the following people best exemplifies Nietzsche's übermensch?
A woman who stands up to her abusive husband and tells him she's leaving him.
"Virtue is important for achieving not only moral well-being but also happiness
and inner harmony. Aristotle referred to this sense of psychological well-being as
cognitive contemplation." The previous statement is:
False
Which of the following people place the least emphasis on intention in
determining whether something is a virtuous act?
Utilitarians
David Thoreau wrote, "The morally excellent, then, are constantly striving to
discover and pursue the right. This is their whole duty, for, in the inquiry about
what is right, reason alone can decide, and her [reason's] dictates are even
identical with the dictates of duty." Which of the following philosophers is most
likely to agree with Thoreau?
Aristotle
Some may think this type of Applied Ethics is an oxymoron
Business Ethics
Friedrich Nietzsche argued that the superhuman creates his or her morality
distinct from and in reaction to the slave-like value system of the masses.
True
This division of Ethics "addresses the moral permissibility of specific actions and
practices".
Applied Ethics
