Medical/AMLS Final review
Headache, nuchal rigidity, fever/chills and photophobia is a classic sign of: -
answerMeningitis
Patients who have headache and fever should be assessed for: (which sign(s)?) -
answerKernig's (pain when extension of knee at sitting position; 'K' in Kernigs and knee)
and Brudzinsky's signs (involuntary flexing of legs when flexing neck). Positive tests
would indicate meningitis.
Fluid shifting in lungs is: - answerARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrom); occurs
during shock or can also happen because of pneumonia, aspiration, pancreatitis or drug
overdose. High mortality
Epiglottitis VS Croup VS Meningitis - answerEpiglottis: High grade fever (>102*F), Sore
throat, Drooling, Leaning forward
Croup: Seal bark cough at night, Low grade fever(<102*F), Stridor
Meningitis: Stiff neck, fever/chills, photophobia, Fever with seizures.
Dental pain, fever, dysphagia and possible firm red pronounced swelling around throat:
- answerLudwig's Angina
Activation of the RAA Pathway is caused by: - answerDehydration, Drop in Na, or
Hemorrhage (which all, essentially, can lead to shock)
With regards to RAA: When a drop in BP is sensed by kidneys, they will release
________ which will - answerRenin(think "RENal"/"RENin"; will combine with
angiotensinogen (in blood) to make Angiotensin I.
There's an enzyme in your lungs called ACE which stands for ________. As
Angiotensin-1 is carried from your blood stream to your lungs, it combines with ACE and
becomes _________. - answerAngiotensin Converting Enzyme; Angiotensin-2.
Angiotensin-2 specifically activates the ________________ to secrete
_______________ - answeradrenal cortex; aldosterone
aldosterone - answerCauses water and salt retention in blood, thus increasing blood
pressure.
ADH vs Aldosterone - answerWhat's the difference between ADH and Aldosterone?
ADH Keeps water, and water only; Aldosterone keeps water and salt.
, ........
If you eat food that's high in salts, you increase the tonicity of your bloodstream when
it's absorbed and become hypertonic. That triggers ADH which causes your kidneys to
retain water and only water. A drop in blood pressure will also cause ADH release
because there's a multiplicity to the body all the time.
There's never been a clinical case of somebody overproducing ADH. But there are
clinical cases of lower than normal ADH levels (deficiency) which goes by the name of
diabetes insipidus. What's diabetes insipidus? If you can't make ADH, you pee a lot
because you have no way of not-peeing a lot. The word diabetes means to pee a lot.
There's diabetes mellitus. Mellitus means sweet. So this is sweet pee. Insipidus is pee
that doesn't taste sweet. These two diabetes were recognized by ancient greeks. When
people would pee a lot, they would taste their urine. If it tastes sweet, it was called
diabetes mellitus, and if it wasn't sweet it was called diabetes insipidus.
Angiotenson, Renin and Aldosterone increase - answerpreload and afterload.
During compensatory shock renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is activated to cause:
- answerIncrease preload afterload and reabsorption of sodium
Cullen's vs Murphy's vs Kehr's VS Grey Turner - answerCullen's: Bruising around
umbilicus; acute pancreatitis (the "C" in 'Cullen' wraps around the umbilicus)
Murphy's sign: Tenderness in RUQ during inspiration (For Cholecystitis/Gall Bladder
infection). Murphy's law- you' gonna get cholecystitis/gall bladder infection)
Kehr's Sign: R Shoulder pain; splenic rupture or ectopic pregnancy. K almost looks like
an "R" If you draw a line at the top of it. Should is on 'top' of spelee
Grey Turner's Sign: Blue discoloration around flanks. Grey's anatomy would see
something severe like this.
Sympathomimetics: - answerSimulate sympathetic nervous system. Alpha and Beta
stimulants; Epinepherine, Dopamine, Albuterol, Levophed
AntiCholinergic - answerOpposite of parasympathomimetics effect. So it combats
SLUDGE: Salivation, Lacrimation, Urination, Defication, GI problems, Emisis
L Pain radiates to R in UQ's? - answerPancreatitis.
Pancreatitis VS Appendicitis VS Gastroenteritis - answerPancreatitis: mild to severe
upper abdominal pain often centered in the mid-epigastric area. The pain often radiates
to the back and/or the chest, may be consistent for several hours, and may increase
with eating or alcohol use. typically include nausea and vomiting. The patient's
abdomen may be swollen and tender.
Headache, nuchal rigidity, fever/chills and photophobia is a classic sign of: -
answerMeningitis
Patients who have headache and fever should be assessed for: (which sign(s)?) -
answerKernig's (pain when extension of knee at sitting position; 'K' in Kernigs and knee)
and Brudzinsky's signs (involuntary flexing of legs when flexing neck). Positive tests
would indicate meningitis.
Fluid shifting in lungs is: - answerARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrom); occurs
during shock or can also happen because of pneumonia, aspiration, pancreatitis or drug
overdose. High mortality
Epiglottitis VS Croup VS Meningitis - answerEpiglottis: High grade fever (>102*F), Sore
throat, Drooling, Leaning forward
Croup: Seal bark cough at night, Low grade fever(<102*F), Stridor
Meningitis: Stiff neck, fever/chills, photophobia, Fever with seizures.
Dental pain, fever, dysphagia and possible firm red pronounced swelling around throat:
- answerLudwig's Angina
Activation of the RAA Pathway is caused by: - answerDehydration, Drop in Na, or
Hemorrhage (which all, essentially, can lead to shock)
With regards to RAA: When a drop in BP is sensed by kidneys, they will release
________ which will - answerRenin(think "RENal"/"RENin"; will combine with
angiotensinogen (in blood) to make Angiotensin I.
There's an enzyme in your lungs called ACE which stands for ________. As
Angiotensin-1 is carried from your blood stream to your lungs, it combines with ACE and
becomes _________. - answerAngiotensin Converting Enzyme; Angiotensin-2.
Angiotensin-2 specifically activates the ________________ to secrete
_______________ - answeradrenal cortex; aldosterone
aldosterone - answerCauses water and salt retention in blood, thus increasing blood
pressure.
ADH vs Aldosterone - answerWhat's the difference between ADH and Aldosterone?
ADH Keeps water, and water only; Aldosterone keeps water and salt.
, ........
If you eat food that's high in salts, you increase the tonicity of your bloodstream when
it's absorbed and become hypertonic. That triggers ADH which causes your kidneys to
retain water and only water. A drop in blood pressure will also cause ADH release
because there's a multiplicity to the body all the time.
There's never been a clinical case of somebody overproducing ADH. But there are
clinical cases of lower than normal ADH levels (deficiency) which goes by the name of
diabetes insipidus. What's diabetes insipidus? If you can't make ADH, you pee a lot
because you have no way of not-peeing a lot. The word diabetes means to pee a lot.
There's diabetes mellitus. Mellitus means sweet. So this is sweet pee. Insipidus is pee
that doesn't taste sweet. These two diabetes were recognized by ancient greeks. When
people would pee a lot, they would taste their urine. If it tastes sweet, it was called
diabetes mellitus, and if it wasn't sweet it was called diabetes insipidus.
Angiotenson, Renin and Aldosterone increase - answerpreload and afterload.
During compensatory shock renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is activated to cause:
- answerIncrease preload afterload and reabsorption of sodium
Cullen's vs Murphy's vs Kehr's VS Grey Turner - answerCullen's: Bruising around
umbilicus; acute pancreatitis (the "C" in 'Cullen' wraps around the umbilicus)
Murphy's sign: Tenderness in RUQ during inspiration (For Cholecystitis/Gall Bladder
infection). Murphy's law- you' gonna get cholecystitis/gall bladder infection)
Kehr's Sign: R Shoulder pain; splenic rupture or ectopic pregnancy. K almost looks like
an "R" If you draw a line at the top of it. Should is on 'top' of spelee
Grey Turner's Sign: Blue discoloration around flanks. Grey's anatomy would see
something severe like this.
Sympathomimetics: - answerSimulate sympathetic nervous system. Alpha and Beta
stimulants; Epinepherine, Dopamine, Albuterol, Levophed
AntiCholinergic - answerOpposite of parasympathomimetics effect. So it combats
SLUDGE: Salivation, Lacrimation, Urination, Defication, GI problems, Emisis
L Pain radiates to R in UQ's? - answerPancreatitis.
Pancreatitis VS Appendicitis VS Gastroenteritis - answerPancreatitis: mild to severe
upper abdominal pain often centered in the mid-epigastric area. The pain often radiates
to the back and/or the chest, may be consistent for several hours, and may increase
with eating or alcohol use. typically include nausea and vomiting. The patient's
abdomen may be swollen and tender.
