Essentials of Pathophysiology – Exam #2
Review Sheet A+CERTIFIED
Covers Modules 4, 5, and 6 – Chapters 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41
• Review common signs and symptoms of gastrointestinal
disorders as awhole
Abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dysphagia, and constipation.
• What is gastritis? What are causes?
Inflammation of the stomach lining
Causes: Precipitated by ingestion of irritating substances
• Example: alcohol and aspirin, NSAIDs, viral, bacteria, autoimmune
• What is GERD? What are causes to this condition? What are
complicationsof GERD if left untreated?
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease- Backflow of gastric contents into esophagus
through loweresophageal sphincter (LES)
Inflammation caused by reflux of highly acidic material (esophagitis)
• Causes
• Any condition or agent that alters closure strength of LES or increases
abdominal pressure, fattyfoods, caffeine, large amounts of alcohol, cigarette
smoking, pregnancy, anatomic features (ex: hiatal hernia)
• Complications: Barrett esophagus- Structural changes in tissue of esophagus over
time (columnar tissuereplaced normal squamos epithelial) can increase risk for
esophageal cancer
• Progression can lead to ulceration, fibrotic scarring
• Esophageal strictures
• Pulmonary symptoms - cough, asthma, and laryngitis - from reflux in breathing
passages
, • Review signs and symptoms of peptic ulcer disease. What is
the role of H.pylori in this condition?
• Caused by NSAIDs, stress (glucocorticoids), smoking, genetics
• No relation b/w diet and PUD
• H. pylori plays a key role in promoting both gastric and duodenal ulcer formation
• Thrives in acidic conditions
• Slow rate of ulcer healing
• High
rate of recurrenceClearance of H.
pylori promotes ulcer healing
• Signs and symptoms- epigastric burning that is usually relieved by the intake
of food (especially dairy products) or antacids.
• Pain of gastric ulcers typically occurs on an empty stomach but may
present soon after ameal
• Pain of duodenal ulcer classically occurs 2 to 3 hours after a meal
and is relieved byfurther food ingestion
• Life threatening complication: GI bleed
• Treatment: treat with antibiotic and then stomach acid with Sucralfate
(Carafate)
• What is pseudomembranous colitis? What contributes to
this condition?What are ways that it can be treated?
Antibiotic-Associated Colitis (Pseudomembranous Enterocolitis).
• Acute inflammation and necrosis of large intestine
• Caused by overgrowth of Clostridium difficile c.diff (exposure to antibiotics)
Treatment= Stop current antibiotic (if possible)
• Treat ischemia
, • Treat contributing conditions
• Oral antibiotics - metronidazole (flagyl) or vancomycin
• Recurrence common
• Fecal transplant - transfer of fecal material from another healthy person to
the source patientvia enema or gastric tube
• Colectomy – removal of portion of colon
• Review examples of inflammatory bowel conditions.
Ulcerative Colitis
• Chronic inflammatory disease of the mucosa of the rectum and colon
• Large ulcers form in mucosal layer of colon and rectum
• Hallmark clinical manifestations are bloody diarrhea and lower abdominal pain
Crohn’s Disease
• Also called regional enteritis or granulomatous colitis
• Affects proximal portion of the colon or terminal ileum
• Chronic inflammation of all layers of intestinal wall resulting from blockage and
inflammation oflymphatic vessels
• Intermittent bouts of fever, diarrhea (with or without blood), chronic RLQ pain,
may have RLQ mass,tenderness
Review Sheet A+CERTIFIED
Covers Modules 4, 5, and 6 – Chapters 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41
• Review common signs and symptoms of gastrointestinal
disorders as awhole
Abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dysphagia, and constipation.
• What is gastritis? What are causes?
Inflammation of the stomach lining
Causes: Precipitated by ingestion of irritating substances
• Example: alcohol and aspirin, NSAIDs, viral, bacteria, autoimmune
• What is GERD? What are causes to this condition? What are
complicationsof GERD if left untreated?
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease- Backflow of gastric contents into esophagus
through loweresophageal sphincter (LES)
Inflammation caused by reflux of highly acidic material (esophagitis)
• Causes
• Any condition or agent that alters closure strength of LES or increases
abdominal pressure, fattyfoods, caffeine, large amounts of alcohol, cigarette
smoking, pregnancy, anatomic features (ex: hiatal hernia)
• Complications: Barrett esophagus- Structural changes in tissue of esophagus over
time (columnar tissuereplaced normal squamos epithelial) can increase risk for
esophageal cancer
• Progression can lead to ulceration, fibrotic scarring
• Esophageal strictures
• Pulmonary symptoms - cough, asthma, and laryngitis - from reflux in breathing
passages
, • Review signs and symptoms of peptic ulcer disease. What is
the role of H.pylori in this condition?
• Caused by NSAIDs, stress (glucocorticoids), smoking, genetics
• No relation b/w diet and PUD
• H. pylori plays a key role in promoting both gastric and duodenal ulcer formation
• Thrives in acidic conditions
• Slow rate of ulcer healing
• High
rate of recurrenceClearance of H.
pylori promotes ulcer healing
• Signs and symptoms- epigastric burning that is usually relieved by the intake
of food (especially dairy products) or antacids.
• Pain of gastric ulcers typically occurs on an empty stomach but may
present soon after ameal
• Pain of duodenal ulcer classically occurs 2 to 3 hours after a meal
and is relieved byfurther food ingestion
• Life threatening complication: GI bleed
• Treatment: treat with antibiotic and then stomach acid with Sucralfate
(Carafate)
• What is pseudomembranous colitis? What contributes to
this condition?What are ways that it can be treated?
Antibiotic-Associated Colitis (Pseudomembranous Enterocolitis).
• Acute inflammation and necrosis of large intestine
• Caused by overgrowth of Clostridium difficile c.diff (exposure to antibiotics)
Treatment= Stop current antibiotic (if possible)
• Treat ischemia
, • Treat contributing conditions
• Oral antibiotics - metronidazole (flagyl) or vancomycin
• Recurrence common
• Fecal transplant - transfer of fecal material from another healthy person to
the source patientvia enema or gastric tube
• Colectomy – removal of portion of colon
• Review examples of inflammatory bowel conditions.
Ulcerative Colitis
• Chronic inflammatory disease of the mucosa of the rectum and colon
• Large ulcers form in mucosal layer of colon and rectum
• Hallmark clinical manifestations are bloody diarrhea and lower abdominal pain
Crohn’s Disease
• Also called regional enteritis or granulomatous colitis
• Affects proximal portion of the colon or terminal ileum
• Chronic inflammation of all layers of intestinal wall resulting from blockage and
inflammation oflymphatic vessels
• Intermittent bouts of fever, diarrhea (with or without blood), chronic RLQ pain,
may have RLQ mass,tenderness
