Chapter 12: Cardiovascular System Martin Caon Examination Questions and Answers in Basic Anatomy and Physiology Third Edition

Martin Caon Examination Questions and Answers in Basic Anatomy and Physiology Third Edition Chapter 12: Cardiovascular System 12.1 Blood 1. To which of the following would the term “white cell” NOT be applied? a. Erythrocyte b. Leucocyte c. Lymphocyte d. Monocyte Answer is A: An erythrocyte is a red blood cell. 2. In the haemostasis process, what forms as a result of the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways? a. Fibrin b. Thrombin c. A platelet plug d. Prothrombinase Answer is D: The extrinsic and intrinsic pathways form “prothrombinase” (also called prothrombin activator) from factor X. 3. The blood group known as the ABO system is based on the presence of what proteins on blood cells? a. Antibodies b. Antigens c. Agglutinins d. Immunoglobulins Answer is B: Antigens are on the membrane of the RBC. The other three terms all describe the same thing, antibodies that are circulating in the plasma. 4. What is found in blood serum that is also in blood plasma? a. Blood cells b. Platelets c. Plasma proteins d. Clotting factors Answer is C: Plasma proteins (except fibrinogen) are in plasma and in serum. Serum = plasma minus the clotting factors. Blood cells and platelets are not in plasma. 5. What is the term “formed elements” used to mean in a description of blood? a. White blood cells, red blood cells and platelets b. Blood plasma c. Blood serum d. The clotting factors in blood Answer is A: Formed elements are the non-liquid or solute parts of the blood. 6. What is the SECOND step in the three phases of haemostasis listed below? a. The vascular phase b. The intrinsic pathway c. The extrinsic pathway d. The platelet phase Answer is D: The three phases are: vascular phase, platelet phase, coagulation phase (which in turn has three steps). 7. What type of blood may a patient with blood type “B+” be infused with? Any blood that is: a. Positive for rhesus antigen D b. Negative for rhesus antigen D c. Negative for antigen B d. Negative for antigen A Answer is D: A patient that is B+ may receive B+, B−, O+ or O− blood because those types do not have antigen A on the donated RBC. 8. What is the first process that occurs after a blood vessel is damaged? a. Coagulation b. Platelet plug formation c. Vasoconstriction d. Haemolysis Answer is C: Almost immediately (within 2 s) after a blood vessel is cut, the vessel walls contract in a spasm to slow the flow of blood (vessel diameter decreases). 9. Which blood cells are involved in protecting the body from pathogens and foreign cells? a. Erythrocytes b. Leucocytes c. Platelets d. Haemoglobin Answer is B: Leucocytes (white blood cells) include NK (natural killer), T and B lymphocytes and macrophages and microphages. 10. Which individuals can receive any type of blood and are considered universal recipients? a. A+ b. O− c. AB+ d. B− Answer is C: People with AB+ blood do not have agglutinins (antibodies) against A, B or Rh D in their plasma. Hence can receive any blood without causing the RBC in the donated blood to clump. 11. Which is the most abundant plasma protein? a. Alpha- and beta-globulins b. Albumin c. Mitochondria d. Haemoglobin Answer is B: About 58% of plasma proteins are albumins. Haemoglobin is a protein but it is contained within the RBC. 12. Which characteristic of blood refers to the concentration of solutes? a. Salinity b. pH c. Osmolality d. Viscosity Answer is C: Osmolality is the number of osmoles (osmol) of solute per kilogram of solvent. (osmolarity (with an “r”) is defined as the number of osmoles of solute per litre of solution). 13. Which type of white blood cell is responsible for engulfing pathogens during phagocytosis? a. Thrombocyte b. Neutrophil c. Erythrocyte d. Basophil Answer is B: Neutrophils are microphages—phagocytes of bacteria. Thrombocytes and erythrocytes are not WBC. 14. What does “Rhesus positive” refer to? a. The presence of antigen D on the surface of red blood cells b. The final factor involved in blood clotting c. The presence of the rhesus antibody/agglutinin in the blood d. A deficiency of factor VIII that results in haemophilia Answer is A: Rh factor, Rh positive and Rh negative refer to the D antigen only. If the antigen is present on your RBC, you are called Rh-positive (you have the Rh factor). 15. What are red blood cells primarily composed of? a. Alpha- and beta-globulins b. Albumin c. Mitochondria d. Haemoglobin Answer is D: About one third of the mass of RBC is haemoglobin. Choices A and B are plasma proteins and are not in RBC. 16. Which is the LEAST common type of white blood cell? a. Lymphocyte b. Basophil c. Thrombocyte d. Neutrophil Answer is B: Less than 1% of WBC are basophils. Neutrophils are the most common. Thrombocytes are not WBC, or even cells. 17. In the process of haemostasis, which phase involves the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways? a. The platelet phase b. The clot lysis phase c. The vascular phase d. The coagulation phase Answer is D: The clotting (coagulation phase) has these two pathways. 18. In haemostasis, which molecule polymerises to become the insoluble blood clot? a. Factor X b. Thrombin c. Fibrin d. Plasmin Answer is C: Fibrin is a monomer that polymerises to form a “soft clot”, then crosslinking between fibrin produces a stable, web-like “hard clot”. 19. Which enzyme converts fibrinogen to fibrin? a. Serotonin b. Thrombin c. Renin d. Secretin Answer is B: Thrombin is the enzyme. It is not present until prothrombinase converts prothrombin to thrombin. 20. Which of the following is NOT a macrophage? a. Kupffer cell b. Monocyte c. Dendrocyte d. Megakaryocyte Answer is D: A megakaryocyte is the cell that produces the membrane- covered cell fragments known as platelets. It is not a macrophage. A dendrocyte is also known as a Langerhans cell or a Granstein cell. 21. What can be said about a person who has the “A” antigen on their red blood cells? a. Their blood contains anti-B agglutinins. b. Their blood contains anti-A agglutinins. c. Their blood contains anti-A and anti-B agglutinins. d. Their blood contains neither anti-A nor anti-B agglutinins. Answer is A: Their blood contains anti-B agglutinins. If you have the A antigen on your RBC, you cannot have the anti-A agglutinin in your plasma or you would agglutinate your own blood. 22. Which one of the following is NOT a plasma protein? a. Keratin b. Albumin c. Ferritin d. Globulin Answer is A: Keratin is the protein that the stratum corneum of the skin and that hair and nails are made of. 23. What substance is produced by the first step in the blood clotting (coagulation) process? a. Thrombin b. Prothrombin c. Factor X d. Prothrombinase Answer is D: Prothrombinase is made from factor X. It then acts on prothrombin to form thrombin. 24. Which statement about neutrophils is correct? a. They have no nucleus. b. They contain haemoglobin. c. They function as a body defence mechanism. d. Eosinophils are one type of neutrophil. Answer is C: Neutrophils do have a nucleus but do not have haemoglobin. Eosinophils are a type of WBC as are neutrophils, but they are not the same. 25. What are red blood cells also known as? a. Erythrocytes b. Thrombocytes c. Monocytes d. Eosinophils Answer is A: RBC = erythrocytes (erythroid means red). 26. In blood clotting, what activates “factor X”? a. Prothrombinase b. Thrombin c. The extrinsic pathway d. Tissue plasminogen activator Answer is C: Factor X is a plasma protein produced by the liver. In the extrinsic pathway, factor III combines with factor VII to form an “enzyme complex” that activates factor X. 27. A person’s blood group is determined by: a. The agglutinogens circulating in their plasma b. The antigens on the surface of their red blood cells c. The antibodies on the surface of their red blood cells d. The agglutinins circulating in their plasma Answer is B: Antigens are on the surface of RBC. Antibodies (=agglutinins) circulate in the blood stream and react with (agglutinate) their appropriate antigen. 28. If a blood sample is taken for DNA testing, which of the following would be examined? a. Leucocytes b. Erythrocytes c. Thrombocytes d. Plasma proteins Answer is A: Only leucocytes (WBC) possess a nucleus from which DNA may be sampled. Erythrocytes are anucleate. 29. What is the major task of red blood cells? a. To transport carbon dioxide b. To ensure haemostasis c. To provide immunity d. To transport oxygen Answer is D: Red blood cells contain much haemoglobin which binds to oxygen to transport it to the tissues. 30. Careful blood matching is performed prior to transfusing blood in order to avoid which scenario? a. Newborn haemolytic disease b. The recipient’s antigens attacking the red blood cells in the transfusion c. The recipient’s antibodies attacking the red blood cells in the transfusion d. The antigens on the recipient’s red blood cells reacting with the antibodies in the transfused blood Answer is C: If the recipient’s antibodies attack the donated RBC, agglutination will occur. The reverse (choice D) is not a problem.