FTCE ESOL K-12
Universal Grammar - answerChomsky-no dialect or language is more complex or
sophisticated than the other. We are all born with the capacity to learn any language
w/o formal instruction
LAD - answerLanguage Aquisition Device
Generative Grammar - answerset of rules that could be used to produce language
Deep Structure - answerour ideas, what we mean-derive meaning from social context
Surface Structure - answerwhat we say or write-literal meaning of words
Natural Order Hypothesis - answerKrashen- grammatical structures aquired in a
predictable order, independent of the order grammar is taught
Stages of SLA - answerKrashen-Pre-production (silent period), early production, speech
emergence, intermediate fluency, advanced fluency
Input Hypothesis/Comprehensible Input - answerKrashen-i+1, language input slightly
above current level yields optimal growth
Affective Filter - answerKrashen-mental block can be produced by negative factors such
as anxiety, low motivation, self confidence
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) - answerVygotsky-distance between
developmental level and level of potential development. Area between independent
performance and assisted performance
Communicative Competence - answerlearner's abiity to apply and use grammatical
uses, form correct utterances and know how and when to use them appropriately. The
ability to communicate effectively and to vary communication styles appropriately in
various contexts. Social and pragmatic competence.
Language Interference - answereffect of L1 on production of L2
Negative Transfer - answerinterference of previous learning inprocess of learning
something new
Interlanguage - answerlanguage system "inbetween" L1 & L2 that student develops
while learning the L2 but is neither L1 or L2
SUP - answerSocial underlying proficiency (conversational language)
, CUP - answerCommon underlying proficiency - commonalities between L1 & L2, skills,
ideas, concepts that students learn in L1 transfer to L2
BICS - answerCummins-Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills - social setting
language skills
CALP - answerCummins-Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency - languatge needed
to acquire academic skills and concepts
Cummins Quadrant - answerA-cognitively undemanding/context embedded; B-
cognitively demanding/context embedded; C-cognitively undemanding/context reduced;
D-cognitively demanding/context reduced
Phoneme - answerclass of speech sounds, ie. /t/ are the smallest unit o sound that
affects meaning.
Monothong - answerone part vowel
Reduced Vowel - answeroccurs in unstressed word or syllable -schwa most common
Phonology - answerorganization of speech sounds
Homophone - answertwo words pronounced the same but different meaning & spelling,
ie. carrot & carat
Homonym - answertwo words spelled the same & sound the same, but that mean
different things, ie. left & left
Contrastive - answerchange of meaning by replacing one sound (phoneme) with
another
Non-Contrastive - answerchange in sound (phoneme) does not change the meaning
Palatization - answerwhen a consonant becomes like a neighboring sound, ie. [d]->[dЗ],
did you eat
Digraph - answersingle sound represented by two letters, ie. siNG -> ŋ
Consonant Digraph - answerch, sh, th, wh
Consonant Blend - answertwo or more consonants together and each sound is heard,
ie. "blend"
Universal Grammar - answerChomsky-no dialect or language is more complex or
sophisticated than the other. We are all born with the capacity to learn any language
w/o formal instruction
LAD - answerLanguage Aquisition Device
Generative Grammar - answerset of rules that could be used to produce language
Deep Structure - answerour ideas, what we mean-derive meaning from social context
Surface Structure - answerwhat we say or write-literal meaning of words
Natural Order Hypothesis - answerKrashen- grammatical structures aquired in a
predictable order, independent of the order grammar is taught
Stages of SLA - answerKrashen-Pre-production (silent period), early production, speech
emergence, intermediate fluency, advanced fluency
Input Hypothesis/Comprehensible Input - answerKrashen-i+1, language input slightly
above current level yields optimal growth
Affective Filter - answerKrashen-mental block can be produced by negative factors such
as anxiety, low motivation, self confidence
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) - answerVygotsky-distance between
developmental level and level of potential development. Area between independent
performance and assisted performance
Communicative Competence - answerlearner's abiity to apply and use grammatical
uses, form correct utterances and know how and when to use them appropriately. The
ability to communicate effectively and to vary communication styles appropriately in
various contexts. Social and pragmatic competence.
Language Interference - answereffect of L1 on production of L2
Negative Transfer - answerinterference of previous learning inprocess of learning
something new
Interlanguage - answerlanguage system "inbetween" L1 & L2 that student develops
while learning the L2 but is neither L1 or L2
SUP - answerSocial underlying proficiency (conversational language)
, CUP - answerCommon underlying proficiency - commonalities between L1 & L2, skills,
ideas, concepts that students learn in L1 transfer to L2
BICS - answerCummins-Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills - social setting
language skills
CALP - answerCummins-Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency - languatge needed
to acquire academic skills and concepts
Cummins Quadrant - answerA-cognitively undemanding/context embedded; B-
cognitively demanding/context embedded; C-cognitively undemanding/context reduced;
D-cognitively demanding/context reduced
Phoneme - answerclass of speech sounds, ie. /t/ are the smallest unit o sound that
affects meaning.
Monothong - answerone part vowel
Reduced Vowel - answeroccurs in unstressed word or syllable -schwa most common
Phonology - answerorganization of speech sounds
Homophone - answertwo words pronounced the same but different meaning & spelling,
ie. carrot & carat
Homonym - answertwo words spelled the same & sound the same, but that mean
different things, ie. left & left
Contrastive - answerchange of meaning by replacing one sound (phoneme) with
another
Non-Contrastive - answerchange in sound (phoneme) does not change the meaning
Palatization - answerwhen a consonant becomes like a neighboring sound, ie. [d]->[dЗ],
did you eat
Digraph - answersingle sound represented by two letters, ie. siNG -> ŋ
Consonant Digraph - answerch, sh, th, wh
Consonant Blend - answertwo or more consonants together and each sound is heard,
ie. "blend"
