OpenStax Anatomy & Physiology 2e Student Answer Guide
Contents
Chapter 1 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 1
Chapter 2 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 3
Chapter 3 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 4
Chapter 4 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 5
Chapter 5 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 6
Chapter 6 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 7
Chapter 7 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 9
Chapter 8 .................................................................................................................................................................... 11
Chapter 9 .................................................................................................................................................................... 12
Chapter 10 .................................................................................................................................................................. 15
Chapter 11 .................................................................................................................................................................. 16
Chapter 12 .................................................................................................................................................................. 17
Chapter 13 .................................................................................................................................................................. 18
Chapter 14 .................................................................................................................................................................. 19
Chapter 15 .................................................................................................................................................................. 20
Chapter 16 .................................................................................................................................................................. 22
Chapter 17 .................................................................................................................................................................. 23
Chapter 18 .................................................................................................................................................................. 24
Chapter 19 .................................................................................................................................................................. 26
Chapter 20 .................................................................................................................................................................. 27
Chapter 21 .................................................................................................................................................................. 28
Chapter 22 .................................................................................................................................................................. 29
Chapter 23 .................................................................................................................................................................. 31
Chapter 24 .................................................................................................................................................................. 33
Chapter 25 .................................................................................................................................................................. 34
Chapter 26 .................................................................................................................................................................. 35
Chapter 27 .................................................................................................................................................................. 36
Chapter 28 .................................................................................................................................................................. 37
Chapter 1
1 Fatty acid catabolism.
1|Page
, 3 X-rays.
5 PET scans can indicate how patients are responding to chemotherapy.
6C
8A
10 D
12 C
14 C
16 C
18 C
20 D
22 D
24 D
26 C
28 An understanding of anatomy and physiology is essential for any career in the health professions.
It can also help you make choices that promote your health, respond appropriately to signs of illness,
make sense of health-related news, and help you in your roles as a parent, spouse, partner, friend,
colleague, and caregiver.
30 Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism.
32 When you are sitting at a campfire, your sense of smell adapts to the smell of smoke. Only if that
smell were to suddenly and dramatically intensify would you be likely to notice and respond. In
contrast, the smell of even a trace of smoke would be new and highly unusual in your residence hall,
and would be perceived as danger.
34 In a sealed bottle of sparkling water, carbon dioxide gas is kept dissolved in the water under a
very high pressure. When you open the bottle, the pressure of the gas above the liquid changes from
artificially high to normal atmospheric pressure. The dissolved carbon dioxide gas expands, and rises
in bubbles to the surface. When a bottle of sparkling water is left open, it eventually goes flat
because its gases continue to move out of solution until the pressure in the water is approximately
equal to atmospheric pressure.
36 The four components of a negative feedback loop are: stimulus, sensor, control center, and
effector. If too great a quantity of the chemical were excreted, sensors would activate a control
center, which would in turn activate an effector. In this case, the effector (the secreting cells) would
be adjusted downward.
38 If the body were supine or prone, the MRI scanner would move from top to bottom to produce
frontal sections, which would divide the body into anterior and posterior portions, as in “cutting” a
deck of cards. Again, if the body were supine or prone, to produce sagittal sections, the scanner
2|Page
, would move from left to right or from right to left to divide the body lengthwise into left and right
portions.
be performed repeatedly.
Chapter 2
1 The mass number is the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.
3 The water hydrolyses, or breaks, the glycosidic bond, forming two monosaccharides.
4D
6A
8B
10 C
12 B
14 A
16 C
18 A
20 B
22 D
24 B
26 A
28 B
30 D
32 B
33 These four elements—oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen—together make up more than 95
percent of the mass of the human body, and the body cannot make elements, so it is helpful to have
them in consumables.
35 Magnesium’s 12 electrons are distributed as follows: two in the first shell, eight in the second
shell, and two in its valence shell. According to the octet rule, magnesium is unstable (reactive)
because its valence shell has just two electrons. It is therefore likely to participate in chemical
reactions in which it donates two electrons.
37 Water is a polar molecule. It has a region of weakly positive charge and a region of weakly
negative charge. These regions are attracted to ions as well as to other polar molecules. Oils are
nonpolar,
3|Page
, and are repelled by water.
39 It is not. An exchange reaction might be AB + CD → AC + BD or AB + CD → AD + BC . In
allchemical reactions, including exchange reactions, the components of the reactants are identicalto
the components of the products. A component present among the reactants cannot disappear, nor
can a component not present in the reactants suddenly appear in the products. 41 Lemon juice is
one hundred times more acidic than orange juice. This means that lemon juice has a one hundred-
fold greater concentration of hydrogen ions.
43 Maltose contains 12 atoms of carbon, but only 22 atoms of hydrogen and 11 atoms of oxygen,
because a molecule of water is removed during its formation via dehydration synthesis.
Chapter 3
1 Higher temperatures speed up diffusion because molecules have more kinetic energy at higher
temperatures.
3 an enzyme
5 the spindle
6B
8C
10 D
12 A
14 A
16 C
18 A
20 C
22 C
24 B
26 B
28 C
30 Only materials that are relatively small and nonpolar can easily diffuse through the lipid bilayer.
Large particles cannot fit in between the individual phospholipids that are packed together, and
polar molecules are repelled by the hydrophobic/nonpolar lipids that line the insideof the bilayer.
32 These four phenomena are similar in the sense that they describe the movement of substances
down a particular type of gradient. Osmosis and diffusion involve the movement of water and other
substances down their concentration gradients, respectively. Filtration describes the movement of
particles down a pressure gradient, and the movement of ions away from like charge describes their
movement down their electrical gradient.
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Contents
Chapter 1 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 1
Chapter 2 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 3
Chapter 3 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 4
Chapter 4 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 5
Chapter 5 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 6
Chapter 6 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 7
Chapter 7 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 9
Chapter 8 .................................................................................................................................................................... 11
Chapter 9 .................................................................................................................................................................... 12
Chapter 10 .................................................................................................................................................................. 15
Chapter 11 .................................................................................................................................................................. 16
Chapter 12 .................................................................................................................................................................. 17
Chapter 13 .................................................................................................................................................................. 18
Chapter 14 .................................................................................................................................................................. 19
Chapter 15 .................................................................................................................................................................. 20
Chapter 16 .................................................................................................................................................................. 22
Chapter 17 .................................................................................................................................................................. 23
Chapter 18 .................................................................................................................................................................. 24
Chapter 19 .................................................................................................................................................................. 26
Chapter 20 .................................................................................................................................................................. 27
Chapter 21 .................................................................................................................................................................. 28
Chapter 22 .................................................................................................................................................................. 29
Chapter 23 .................................................................................................................................................................. 31
Chapter 24 .................................................................................................................................................................. 33
Chapter 25 .................................................................................................................................................................. 34
Chapter 26 .................................................................................................................................................................. 35
Chapter 27 .................................................................................................................................................................. 36
Chapter 28 .................................................................................................................................................................. 37
Chapter 1
1 Fatty acid catabolism.
1|Page
, 3 X-rays.
5 PET scans can indicate how patients are responding to chemotherapy.
6C
8A
10 D
12 C
14 C
16 C
18 C
20 D
22 D
24 D
26 C
28 An understanding of anatomy and physiology is essential for any career in the health professions.
It can also help you make choices that promote your health, respond appropriately to signs of illness,
make sense of health-related news, and help you in your roles as a parent, spouse, partner, friend,
colleague, and caregiver.
30 Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism.
32 When you are sitting at a campfire, your sense of smell adapts to the smell of smoke. Only if that
smell were to suddenly and dramatically intensify would you be likely to notice and respond. In
contrast, the smell of even a trace of smoke would be new and highly unusual in your residence hall,
and would be perceived as danger.
34 In a sealed bottle of sparkling water, carbon dioxide gas is kept dissolved in the water under a
very high pressure. When you open the bottle, the pressure of the gas above the liquid changes from
artificially high to normal atmospheric pressure. The dissolved carbon dioxide gas expands, and rises
in bubbles to the surface. When a bottle of sparkling water is left open, it eventually goes flat
because its gases continue to move out of solution until the pressure in the water is approximately
equal to atmospheric pressure.
36 The four components of a negative feedback loop are: stimulus, sensor, control center, and
effector. If too great a quantity of the chemical were excreted, sensors would activate a control
center, which would in turn activate an effector. In this case, the effector (the secreting cells) would
be adjusted downward.
38 If the body were supine or prone, the MRI scanner would move from top to bottom to produce
frontal sections, which would divide the body into anterior and posterior portions, as in “cutting” a
deck of cards. Again, if the body were supine or prone, to produce sagittal sections, the scanner
2|Page
, would move from left to right or from right to left to divide the body lengthwise into left and right
portions.
be performed repeatedly.
Chapter 2
1 The mass number is the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.
3 The water hydrolyses, or breaks, the glycosidic bond, forming two monosaccharides.
4D
6A
8B
10 C
12 B
14 A
16 C
18 A
20 B
22 D
24 B
26 A
28 B
30 D
32 B
33 These four elements—oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen—together make up more than 95
percent of the mass of the human body, and the body cannot make elements, so it is helpful to have
them in consumables.
35 Magnesium’s 12 electrons are distributed as follows: two in the first shell, eight in the second
shell, and two in its valence shell. According to the octet rule, magnesium is unstable (reactive)
because its valence shell has just two electrons. It is therefore likely to participate in chemical
reactions in which it donates two electrons.
37 Water is a polar molecule. It has a region of weakly positive charge and a region of weakly
negative charge. These regions are attracted to ions as well as to other polar molecules. Oils are
nonpolar,
3|Page
, and are repelled by water.
39 It is not. An exchange reaction might be AB + CD → AC + BD or AB + CD → AD + BC . In
allchemical reactions, including exchange reactions, the components of the reactants are identicalto
the components of the products. A component present among the reactants cannot disappear, nor
can a component not present in the reactants suddenly appear in the products. 41 Lemon juice is
one hundred times more acidic than orange juice. This means that lemon juice has a one hundred-
fold greater concentration of hydrogen ions.
43 Maltose contains 12 atoms of carbon, but only 22 atoms of hydrogen and 11 atoms of oxygen,
because a molecule of water is removed during its formation via dehydration synthesis.
Chapter 3
1 Higher temperatures speed up diffusion because molecules have more kinetic energy at higher
temperatures.
3 an enzyme
5 the spindle
6B
8C
10 D
12 A
14 A
16 C
18 A
20 C
22 C
24 B
26 B
28 C
30 Only materials that are relatively small and nonpolar can easily diffuse through the lipid bilayer.
Large particles cannot fit in between the individual phospholipids that are packed together, and
polar molecules are repelled by the hydrophobic/nonpolar lipids that line the insideof the bilayer.
32 These four phenomena are similar in the sense that they describe the movement of substances
down a particular type of gradient. Osmosis and diffusion involve the movement of water and other
substances down their concentration gradients, respectively. Filtration describes the movement of
particles down a pressure gradient, and the movement of ions away from like charge describes their
movement down their electrical gradient.
4|Page
