LABOUR (PREGNANCY)
CNM FINAL EXAM
QNS & ANS
2023/2024
, 1. What are the signs of labour onset?
(Answer: Regular contractions, rupture of membranes, bloody show, cervical dilation and
effacement, etc.)
2. What are the stages of labour and what happens in each stage?
(Answer: First stage: early, active and transition phases; cervical dilation and effacement,
contractions increase in frequency and intensity; Second stage: pushing and delivery of the baby;
Third stage: delivery of the placenta; Fourth stage: recovery and bonding; uterine involution, lochia,
vital signs stabilization, etc.)
3. What are some non-pharmacological methods of pain relief during labour? (Answer: Breathing
techniques, relaxation, massage, hydrotherapy, aromatherapy, acupuncture, hypnosis, etc.)
4. What are some pharmacological methods of pain relief during labour? (Answer: Opioids, nitrous
oxide, epidural anaesthesia, spinal anaesthesia, local anaesthesia, etc.)
5. What are the advantages and disadvantages of epidural anaesthesia? (Answer: Advantages: effective
pain relief, allows mother to rest and participate in labour, reduces stress hormones and blood
pressure; Disadvantages: may cause hypotension, urinary retention, fever, itching, prolonged second
stage, increased risk of instrumental delivery or caesarean section, etc.)
6. What are the indications and contraindications for induction of labour? (Answer: Indications: post-
term pregnancy, pre-eclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction, fetal distress, premature rupture of
membranes, maternal medical conditions, etc.; Contraindications: placenta previa, transverse lie,
cord prolapse, active herpes infection, previous uterine surgery, etc.)
7. What are the methods of induction of labour? (Answer: Mechanical methods: membrane sweeping
or stripping, artificial rupture of membranes, cervical ripening balloons or catheters;
Pharmacological methods: prostaglandins, oxytocin infusion; Alternative methods: acupuncture,
herbal remedies, nipple stimulation, sexual intercourse, etc.)
8. What are the potential complications of induction of labour? (Answer: Hyperstimulation of the
uterus, fetal distress, uterine rupture, infection, bleeding, etc.)
CNM FINAL EXAM
QNS & ANS
2023/2024
, 1. What are the signs of labour onset?
(Answer: Regular contractions, rupture of membranes, bloody show, cervical dilation and
effacement, etc.)
2. What are the stages of labour and what happens in each stage?
(Answer: First stage: early, active and transition phases; cervical dilation and effacement,
contractions increase in frequency and intensity; Second stage: pushing and delivery of the baby;
Third stage: delivery of the placenta; Fourth stage: recovery and bonding; uterine involution, lochia,
vital signs stabilization, etc.)
3. What are some non-pharmacological methods of pain relief during labour? (Answer: Breathing
techniques, relaxation, massage, hydrotherapy, aromatherapy, acupuncture, hypnosis, etc.)
4. What are some pharmacological methods of pain relief during labour? (Answer: Opioids, nitrous
oxide, epidural anaesthesia, spinal anaesthesia, local anaesthesia, etc.)
5. What are the advantages and disadvantages of epidural anaesthesia? (Answer: Advantages: effective
pain relief, allows mother to rest and participate in labour, reduces stress hormones and blood
pressure; Disadvantages: may cause hypotension, urinary retention, fever, itching, prolonged second
stage, increased risk of instrumental delivery or caesarean section, etc.)
6. What are the indications and contraindications for induction of labour? (Answer: Indications: post-
term pregnancy, pre-eclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction, fetal distress, premature rupture of
membranes, maternal medical conditions, etc.; Contraindications: placenta previa, transverse lie,
cord prolapse, active herpes infection, previous uterine surgery, etc.)
7. What are the methods of induction of labour? (Answer: Mechanical methods: membrane sweeping
or stripping, artificial rupture of membranes, cervical ripening balloons or catheters;
Pharmacological methods: prostaglandins, oxytocin infusion; Alternative methods: acupuncture,
herbal remedies, nipple stimulation, sexual intercourse, etc.)
8. What are the potential complications of induction of labour? (Answer: Hyperstimulation of the
uterus, fetal distress, uterine rupture, infection, bleeding, etc.)
