, S TA N DA R D L E V E L
HIGHER LEVEL
essentials
P E A R SO N B ACC A L AU R E AT E
Biology ALAN DAMON • RANDY McGONEGAL • WILLIAM WARD
SERIES EDITOR: CHRISTIAN BRYAN
Supporting every learner across the IB continuum
A01_DAMO0680_01_SE_FM.indd 1 05/01/2016 15:10
, Published by Pearson Education Limited, gov/research/themes/carbon/, U.S. Department of Commerce |
80 Strand, London, WC2R 0RL. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Earth System
Research Laboratory; Figure 4.7 from Temperature change and
www.pearsonglobalschools.com
carbon dioxide change, https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/
Text © Pearson Education Limited 2016 globalwarming/temperature-change.html (National Oceanographic
and Atmospheric Administration), NOAA/National Climatic Data
Edited by Judith Shaw Center; Figure 4.8 from http://sofia.usgs.gov/sfrsf/rooms/coastal/
Proofread by Eva Fairnell and Judith Shaw flbay/genedustbigs/geneco2concx.gif, U.S. Department of the
Typeset by Ken Vail Interior; Figure 11.10 from Cell and Molecular Biology, 6th ed., John
Original illustrations © Pearson Education 2016 Wiley & Sons (Karp, G. 2009) Fig. 9.57 (b) p.361, copyright (c) 2009
Illustrated by Ken Vail Wiley. Reproduced with permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,
Cover design by Pearson Education Limited Cell and Molecular Biology by BIANCHI, DONALD E. ; SHEELER,
PHILLIP Reproduced with permission of JOHN WILEY & SONS,
The rights of Alan Damon, Randy McGonegal and William Ward to INCORPORATED in the format republish in a book via Copyright
be identified as authors of this work has been asserted by them in Clearance Center; Figure 12.5 adapted from Cosmic Evolution
accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. website, v 7, 2013, copyright Eric J. Chaisson, Harvard University
First published 2016 https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/~ejchaisson/cosmic_evolution/docs/
splash.html; Figure 12.6 adapted from the article ‘Brain Gyrification
19 18 17 16 and its Significance’ Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2005 May; 9(5):250-7
http://white.stanford.edu/teach/index.php/Brain_Gyrification_and_
IMP 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
its_Significance#References Roth G1, Dicke U.2005, copyright © 2005
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved; Figure 12.13 adapted from Journal of
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Comparative Psychology from the article ‘Experimental evidence for
spatial learning in cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis)’ http://www.ncbi.nlm.
ISBN 978 1 4479 9068 0 nih.gov/pubmed/12856785, Karson MA1, Jean GB, Hanlon RT. 2003
eBook only ISBN 978 1 4479 9069 7 Jun; 117(2):149-55 American Psychological Association; Figure 12.16
adapted from Ion channels of excitable membrane, 3rd ed., Sinauer
Copyright notice
Associates, Inc. (Hille, B. 2001) fig. 7.1, p.202, copyright © 2001,
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced
Sinauer Associates, Inc.; Figure 12.18 from Repeated administration
in any form or by any means (including photocopying or storing it
of MDMA causes transient down-regulation of serotonin 5-HT2
in any medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently
receptors Neuropharmacology, 31 (9), pp. 881–893 (Scheffel, Ursula
or incidentally to some other use of this publication) without the
Lever, J.R. Stathis, M., Ricaurte, G.A. 1992), with permission from
written permission of the copyright owner, except in accordance
Elsevier, copyright © 1992, published by Elsevier Ltd.
with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988
or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Text extracts relating to the IB syllabus and assessment have been
Agency, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS (www. reproduced from IBO documents. Our thanks go to the International
cla.co.uk). Applications for the copyright owner’s written permission Baccalaureate for permission to reproduce its intellectual copyright.
should be addressed to the publisher. This material has been developed independently by the publisher
and the content is no way connected with or endorsed by the
Printed in Slovakia by Neographia
International Baccalaureate (IB). International Baccalaureate® is a
Acknowledgements registered trademark of the International Baccalaureate Organization.
The authors and publisher would like to thank Pat Tosto for Photographs
the inspiration provided by material which appears in Pearson DK Images: Zygote Media Group Figure 15.6; Science Photo
Baccalaureate Biology. Library Ltd: Astrid & Hanns-Frieder Michler Figure 9.6, Biophoto
The authors and publisher would like to thank Ellen Vriniotis of ACS Associates Figure 9.7, CNRI Figure 3.2.
Athens, Rizma Rizwan of City and Islington College, Ellen Dittmar of All other images © Pearson Education.
Western Academy of Beijing, Susanna Joachim of Nymphenburger
Schulen, Kania Grazyna of 33 Liceum IMM Kopernika, Sami Sorvali of Websites
Kannas School, Diane Howlett of Szczecin International School, Brian Pearson Education Limited is not responsible for the content of
Hull of AIS Kuwait, Jacques Weber of British International School any external internet sites. It is essential for tutors to preview each
of Jeddah, Adrianna Anderson of International Community School, website before using it in class so as to ensure that the URL is still
and Michael Ashleman of Wellington, for their invaluable help in the accurate, relevant and appropriate. We suggest that tutors bookmark
development of this series by piloting the concept material. useful websites and consider enabling students to access them
through the school/college intranet.
With thanks to the EAL reviewer Baljit Nijjar and the subject specialist
Graham Mallard, for their helpful and constructive advice that greatly Dedications
improved the clarity and accuracy of the text. Alan Damon:
To Angèle, Lucas, Anna and Lysa for their support.
With thanks also to IB Biology guru Paul Billiet for his fact checking
and diplomatically constructive suggestions. Randy McGonegal:
For my father, who taught me why the word ‘gentle’ is found within
We are grateful to the following for permission to reproduce
the word, ‘gentleman’.
copyright material:
William Ward:
Text, tables and figures
I dedicate this book to all my students in 41 years of teaching. Each
Figure 3.6 from http://biomed.emory.edu/PROGRAM_SITES/
one has helped make my career enjoyable and fulfilling.
PBEE/pdf/sherman1.pdf, reproduced with permission from Dr.
Stephanie Sherman; Figure 4.4 adapted from http://www.esrl.noaa.
ii
A01_DAMO0680_01_SE_FM.indd 2 05/01/2016 15:10
, Contents
Introduction iv
Core
1 Cell biology 2
2 Molecular biology 24
3 Genetics 54
4 Ecology 78
5 Evolution and biodiversity 98
6 Human physiology 119
7 Nucleic acids 143
8 Metabolism, cell respiration, and photosynthesis 157
9 Plant biology 178
10 Genetics and evolution 197
11 Animal physiology 211
Options
12 Option A: Neurobiology and behaviour 234
13 Option B: Biotechnology and bioinformatics 276
14 Option C: Ecology and conservation 302
15 Option D: Further human physiology 325
Internal Assessment 352
Extended Essay 359
Index 365
Glossary: Command terms
Contents iii
A01_DAMO0680_01_SE_FM.indd 3 05/01/2016 15:10
HIGHER LEVEL
essentials
P E A R SO N B ACC A L AU R E AT E
Biology ALAN DAMON • RANDY McGONEGAL • WILLIAM WARD
SERIES EDITOR: CHRISTIAN BRYAN
Supporting every learner across the IB continuum
A01_DAMO0680_01_SE_FM.indd 1 05/01/2016 15:10
, Published by Pearson Education Limited, gov/research/themes/carbon/, U.S. Department of Commerce |
80 Strand, London, WC2R 0RL. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Earth System
Research Laboratory; Figure 4.7 from Temperature change and
www.pearsonglobalschools.com
carbon dioxide change, https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/
Text © Pearson Education Limited 2016 globalwarming/temperature-change.html (National Oceanographic
and Atmospheric Administration), NOAA/National Climatic Data
Edited by Judith Shaw Center; Figure 4.8 from http://sofia.usgs.gov/sfrsf/rooms/coastal/
Proofread by Eva Fairnell and Judith Shaw flbay/genedustbigs/geneco2concx.gif, U.S. Department of the
Typeset by Ken Vail Interior; Figure 11.10 from Cell and Molecular Biology, 6th ed., John
Original illustrations © Pearson Education 2016 Wiley & Sons (Karp, G. 2009) Fig. 9.57 (b) p.361, copyright (c) 2009
Illustrated by Ken Vail Wiley. Reproduced with permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,
Cover design by Pearson Education Limited Cell and Molecular Biology by BIANCHI, DONALD E. ; SHEELER,
PHILLIP Reproduced with permission of JOHN WILEY & SONS,
The rights of Alan Damon, Randy McGonegal and William Ward to INCORPORATED in the format republish in a book via Copyright
be identified as authors of this work has been asserted by them in Clearance Center; Figure 12.5 adapted from Cosmic Evolution
accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. website, v 7, 2013, copyright Eric J. Chaisson, Harvard University
First published 2016 https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/~ejchaisson/cosmic_evolution/docs/
splash.html; Figure 12.6 adapted from the article ‘Brain Gyrification
19 18 17 16 and its Significance’ Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2005 May; 9(5):250-7
http://white.stanford.edu/teach/index.php/Brain_Gyrification_and_
IMP 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
its_Significance#References Roth G1, Dicke U.2005, copyright © 2005
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved; Figure 12.13 adapted from Journal of
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Comparative Psychology from the article ‘Experimental evidence for
spatial learning in cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis)’ http://www.ncbi.nlm.
ISBN 978 1 4479 9068 0 nih.gov/pubmed/12856785, Karson MA1, Jean GB, Hanlon RT. 2003
eBook only ISBN 978 1 4479 9069 7 Jun; 117(2):149-55 American Psychological Association; Figure 12.16
adapted from Ion channels of excitable membrane, 3rd ed., Sinauer
Copyright notice
Associates, Inc. (Hille, B. 2001) fig. 7.1, p.202, copyright © 2001,
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced
Sinauer Associates, Inc.; Figure 12.18 from Repeated administration
in any form or by any means (including photocopying or storing it
of MDMA causes transient down-regulation of serotonin 5-HT2
in any medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently
receptors Neuropharmacology, 31 (9), pp. 881–893 (Scheffel, Ursula
or incidentally to some other use of this publication) without the
Lever, J.R. Stathis, M., Ricaurte, G.A. 1992), with permission from
written permission of the copyright owner, except in accordance
Elsevier, copyright © 1992, published by Elsevier Ltd.
with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988
or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Text extracts relating to the IB syllabus and assessment have been
Agency, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS (www. reproduced from IBO documents. Our thanks go to the International
cla.co.uk). Applications for the copyright owner’s written permission Baccalaureate for permission to reproduce its intellectual copyright.
should be addressed to the publisher. This material has been developed independently by the publisher
and the content is no way connected with or endorsed by the
Printed in Slovakia by Neographia
International Baccalaureate (IB). International Baccalaureate® is a
Acknowledgements registered trademark of the International Baccalaureate Organization.
The authors and publisher would like to thank Pat Tosto for Photographs
the inspiration provided by material which appears in Pearson DK Images: Zygote Media Group Figure 15.6; Science Photo
Baccalaureate Biology. Library Ltd: Astrid & Hanns-Frieder Michler Figure 9.6, Biophoto
The authors and publisher would like to thank Ellen Vriniotis of ACS Associates Figure 9.7, CNRI Figure 3.2.
Athens, Rizma Rizwan of City and Islington College, Ellen Dittmar of All other images © Pearson Education.
Western Academy of Beijing, Susanna Joachim of Nymphenburger
Schulen, Kania Grazyna of 33 Liceum IMM Kopernika, Sami Sorvali of Websites
Kannas School, Diane Howlett of Szczecin International School, Brian Pearson Education Limited is not responsible for the content of
Hull of AIS Kuwait, Jacques Weber of British International School any external internet sites. It is essential for tutors to preview each
of Jeddah, Adrianna Anderson of International Community School, website before using it in class so as to ensure that the URL is still
and Michael Ashleman of Wellington, for their invaluable help in the accurate, relevant and appropriate. We suggest that tutors bookmark
development of this series by piloting the concept material. useful websites and consider enabling students to access them
through the school/college intranet.
With thanks to the EAL reviewer Baljit Nijjar and the subject specialist
Graham Mallard, for their helpful and constructive advice that greatly Dedications
improved the clarity and accuracy of the text. Alan Damon:
To Angèle, Lucas, Anna and Lysa for their support.
With thanks also to IB Biology guru Paul Billiet for his fact checking
and diplomatically constructive suggestions. Randy McGonegal:
For my father, who taught me why the word ‘gentle’ is found within
We are grateful to the following for permission to reproduce
the word, ‘gentleman’.
copyright material:
William Ward:
Text, tables and figures
I dedicate this book to all my students in 41 years of teaching. Each
Figure 3.6 from http://biomed.emory.edu/PROGRAM_SITES/
one has helped make my career enjoyable and fulfilling.
PBEE/pdf/sherman1.pdf, reproduced with permission from Dr.
Stephanie Sherman; Figure 4.4 adapted from http://www.esrl.noaa.
ii
A01_DAMO0680_01_SE_FM.indd 2 05/01/2016 15:10
, Contents
Introduction iv
Core
1 Cell biology 2
2 Molecular biology 24
3 Genetics 54
4 Ecology 78
5 Evolution and biodiversity 98
6 Human physiology 119
7 Nucleic acids 143
8 Metabolism, cell respiration, and photosynthesis 157
9 Plant biology 178
10 Genetics and evolution 197
11 Animal physiology 211
Options
12 Option A: Neurobiology and behaviour 234
13 Option B: Biotechnology and bioinformatics 276
14 Option C: Ecology and conservation 302
15 Option D: Further human physiology 325
Internal Assessment 352
Extended Essay 359
Index 365
Glossary: Command terms
Contents iii
A01_DAMO0680_01_SE_FM.indd 3 05/01/2016 15:10
